Browsing by Author "Tracy L. Finlayson"

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    Association between developmental dental anomalies, early childhood caries and oral hygiene status of 3–5-year-old children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
    (BMC Oral Health, 2020) Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Michael Alade; Abiola Adeniyi; Maha El Tantawi; Tracy L. Finlayson
    Background To determine the association between developmental dental anomalies (DDA), early childhood caries (ECC) and oral hygiene status of 3–5-year-old children resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. We analyzed data for 3–5-year-olds extracted from the dataset of a household survey collected to determine the association between ECC and maternal psychosocial wellbeing in children 0–5-year-old. The outcome variables for the study were ECC and poor oral hygiene. The explanatory variable was the presence of developmental dental anomalies (supernumerary, supplemental, mesiodens, hypodontia, macrodontia, microdontia, peg-shaped lateral, dens evaginatus, dens invaginatus, talons cusp, fusion/germination, hypoplasia, hypomineralized second molar, fluorosis, amelogenesis imperfecta). The prevalence of each anomaly was determined. Poisson regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between presence of developmental dental anomalies, ECC and oral hygiene status. The model was adjusted for sex, age and socioeconomic status. Results Of the 918 children examined, 75 (8.2%) had developmental dental anomalies, 43 (4.7%) had ECC, and 38 (4.1%) had poor oral hygiene. The most prevalent developmental dental anomalies was enamel hypoplasia (3.9%). Of the 43 children with ECC, 6 (14.0%) had enamel hypoplasia and 3 (7.6%) had hypomineralized second primary molar. There was a significant association between ECC and enamel hypoplasia (p < 0.001) and a borderline association between ECC and hypomineralized second primary molars (p = 0.05). The proportion of children with poor oral hygiene (PR: 2.03; 95% CI: 0.91–4.56; p = 0.09) and ECC (PR: 2.02; 95% CI: 0.92–4.46; p = 0.08) who had developmental dental anomalies was twice that of children with good oral hygiene and without ECC respectively, although the differences did not reach statistical significance.
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    Association between maternal socioeconomic factors, decision‐making status, and dental utilization by children with early childhood caries in sub‐urban Nigeria
    (American Association of Public Health Dentistry, 2020) Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Micheal Alade; Abiola Adeniyi; Maha El Tantawi; Tracy L. Finlayson
    AbstractAimTo determine the association between maternal education, income, and decision‐making status and the presence of early childhood caries (ECC) and dental‐service utilization among young children.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was based on data from a household survey of 1,549 mother‐preschool‐aged‐child dyads conducted in Ife Central Local Government Area, Nigeria. The explanatory variables were maternal education, income, and decision‐making status (related to healthcare, large household purchases, and visits to family/relatives). Outcome variables were the presence of ECC and the child's history of dental‐service utilization. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with outcomes; the models were adjusted for maternal age, child's socioeconomic status, oral hygiene status, and frequency of sugar consumption.ResultsThe study recruited 1,549 mother–child dyads, of which 66 (4.3 percent) children had ECC, and 90 (5.9 percent) children had a history of dental‐service utilization. Fewer than half (42.3 percent) of the mothers earned between N18,001($49.00) and 60,000 ($168.00) per month. Also, 896 (57.8 percent) reported not making any independent decisions, 152 (9.8 percent) made one of three decisions independently, and 313 (20.2 percent) made two or three decisions independently. In the adjusted model, children of mothers with monthly income higher than N60,000 were more likely to have used dental services than were those whose mother's monthly income was less than or equal to N18,000 (adjusted prevalence ratio = 2.29; 95%CI: 1.30–4.02; P = 0.004). No other maternal factor was associated with ECC.ConclusionsAlthough maternal socioeconomic factors and decision‐making abilities were not associated with ECC prevalence, more preschool children whose mothers had high income used dental services.
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    Early childhood caries: Are maternal psychosocial factors, decision-making ability, and caries status risk indicators for children in a sub-urban Nigerian population?
    (BMC, 2021-05-04) Michael Alade; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Maha El Tantawi; Ayodeji Babatunde Oginni; Abiola A. Adeniyi; Tracy L. Finlayson
    Early childhood caries (ECC) is caries in children below the age of 72 months. The aim of the study was to determine the association of maternal psychosocial factors (general anxiety, dental anxiety, sense of coherence, parenting stress, fatalism, social support, depressive symptoms, and executive dysfunction), decision-making abilities, education, income and caries status with the prevalence and severity of ECC among children resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. A dataset of 1549 mother–child (6–71-months-old) dyads collected through examinations and a household survey, using validated psychometric tools to measure the psychosocial factors, were analyzed. The DMFT for the mothers and the dmft for the child were determined. The association between maternal psychosocial factors, education, income, and decision-making ability, the prevalence of maternal caries, and the prevalence of ECC was determined using logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of maternal caries was 3.3%, and the mean (standard deviation-SD) DMFT was 0.10 (0.76). The ECC prevalence was 4.3%, and the mean (SD) dmft was 0.13 (0.92). There was no significant difference between the prevalence and severity of maternal caries and ECC by maternal age, education, income, or decision-making abilities. There was also no significant difference in maternal caries, ECC prevalence and ECC severity by maternal psychosocial factors. The only significant association was between the prevalence of caries in the mother and children: children whose mothers had caries were over six times more likely to have ECC than were children with mothers who had no caries (AOR: 6.67; 95% CI 3.23–13.79;). The significant association between ECC and maternal caries prevalence suggests that prenatal oral health care for mothers may reduce the risk for ECC.
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    Epidemiological profile of early childhood caries in a sub-urban population in Nigeria
    (BMC, 2021-08-23) Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Ayodeji Babatunde Oginni; Maha El Tantawi; Tracy L. Finlayson; Abiola Adeniyi
    Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and severity of early childhood caries (ECC) in children 6–71-months; identify the teeth most at risk for ECC; and identify risk indicators associated with significant caries index (SiC) score in different age groups. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that collected data (using a household survey) on the ECC risk indicators (frequency of tooth brushing, consumption of refined carbohydrate in-between-meals, daily use of fluoridated toothpaste, and dental service utilization in the 12 months) in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. We computed the prevalence of ECC using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDASI (d1–6)) index; caries severity using the ICDAS-2(d1–2) and ICDAS-3(d3–6) for non-cavitated and cavitated lesions respectively, decayed missing, filled teeth (dmft), and surfaces (dmfs) and SiC indices; and caries complications using the pulp (p), ulceration (u), fistula (f) and abscesses (a) (pufa) index, for children 6–11-months-old, 12–23-months-old, 23–35-months-old, 35–47-months-old; 48–59-months-old and 60–71-months-old. The differences in the mean dmft, dmfs, pufa scores, and ICDAS 1, 2, and 3 scores, and proportion of children with each ECC risk indicator were computed. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk indicators for the ECC SiC index score for each age group. Results: The prevalence of ECC was 4.7%: 2.9% had non-cavitated lesions and 2.8% had cavitated lesions. The mean (SD) dmft, dmfs and pufa scores were 0.13 (0.92), 0.24 (1.91) and 0.04 (0.46) respectively. The dmft and dmfs scores were highest among the 24–35-months-olds while the SiC score was highest among the 12–23-months-olds. There were no significant differences in dmft, dmfs, and pufa scores between the different age groups. Toothbrushing more than once a day was the only factor associated with the SiC score: it decreases the odds for the SiC score in children 48–59-months-old. The teeth worst affected by ECC were #85 and #61. Conclusion: The prevalence, severity and risk indicator for ECC seems to differ for each age group. The granular details on the risk profile of children with ECC in this population with a low ECC prevalence and burden can allow for the planning of age-targeted interventions
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    Validation of maternal report of early childhood caries status in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
    (BMC Oral Health, 2020) Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Peter Alimi; Micheal O. Alade; Maha El Tantawi; Abiola A. Adeniyi; Tracy L. Finlayson
    Background: To determine the validity of maternal reports of the presence of early childhood caries (ECC), and to identify maternal variables that increase the accuracy of the reports. Methods: This secondary data analysis included 1155 mother–child dyads, recruited through a multi-stage sampling household approach in Ile-Ife Nigeria. Survey data included maternal characteristics (age, monthly income, decisionmaking ability) and maternal perception about whether or not her child (age 6 months to 5 years old) had ECC. Presence of ECC was clinically determined using the dmft index. Maternally reported and clinically determined ECC presence were compared using a chi-squared test. McNemar’s test was used to assess the similarity of maternal and clinical reports of ECC. Sensitivity, specifcity, positive and negative predictive values, absolute bias, relative bias and infation factor were calculated. Statistical signifcance was determined at p<0.05. Results: The clinically-determined ECC prevalence was 4.6% (95% Confdence interval [CI]: 3.5–5.0) while the maternal-reported ECC prevalence was 3.4% (CI 2.4–4.6). Maternal reports underestimated the prevalence of ECC by 26.1% in comparison to the clinical evaluation. The results indicate low sensitivity (9.43%; CI 3.13–20.70) but high specifcity (96.9%; CI 95.7–97.9). The positive predictive value was 12.8% (CI 4.3–27.4) while the negative predictive value was 95.7% (CI 94.3–96.8). The infation factor for maternally reported ECC was 1.4. Sensitivity (50.0%; CI 6.8–93.2) and positive predictive value were highest (33.3%; CI 4.3–77.7) when the child had a history of visiting the dental clinic. Conclusions: Mothers under-reported the presence of ECC in their children in this study population. The low sensitivity and positive predictive values of maternal report of ECC indicates that maternal reporting of presence of ECC may not be used as a valid tool to measure ECC in public health surveys. The high specifcity and negative predictive values indicate that their report is a good measure of the absence of ECC in the study population. Child’s history of dental service utilization may be a proxy measure of presence of ECC.