THE EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF COLA NITIDA SEED (AECONS) ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEY OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS
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Date
2015
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Abstract
This study investigated the effects of aqueous extracts of Cola nitida(C.nitida) seeds (AECONS) on the structureand function of kidney of adult male Wistar rats with a view to exploring its diuretic activity, alteration caused by its sub chronic administration on the plasma and urine levels of some markers of renal functionand electrolyteand histology of the kidney of healthy rats.
Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing between 140-180 g were divided into five groups of five rats each. The first 24 hours of this study investigated the possible diuretic activity of C.nitida seedusing Lipschitz test.Group I, the control group, received 25 ml/kg of 0.9 % NaCl (Normal Saline). Group II, received 20 mg/kg/day of Frusemide. Experimental groups (III, IV, V) received 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg/day of AECONS respectively orally. Urine volume, pH, specific gravity and electrolyte [Na+, K+ and Cl-] were estimated in the samples of urine collected at 2hr. 4hr. 6 hr. and 24 hr. following AECON administration.From the second day onward and up to a period of 4weeks, the rats in each group were given 0.9 % NaCl (Normal saline), Frusemide and AECONS once daily as was done on the first day. The food consumption, water intake, body weight and urine outputof the rats were determined once in a week throughout the study. At the end of 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Their blood was collected by cardiac puncture into separate lithium heparinized bottle for the determination of creatinine,urea,Na+, K+and Cl-concentrations. Their kidneys were harvested for histopathological study using H & E staining technique.
The resultsof the first aspect of the study showeda significantlyhigher urine output of groups III, IV and V at the 2nd hour (1.16 ± 0.11, 1.74 ± 0.08 and 1.85 ± 0.06 mlrespectively), 4th hour (1.15 ± 0.11, 1.70 ± 0.09 and 1.71 ± 0.10ml respectively) and 6th hour (1.16 ± 0.11, 1.74 ± 0.08 and 1.85 ± 0.06 ml respectively)(p < 0.05)when compared with the control group (0.34 ± 0.03, 0.38 ± 0.020 and 43 ± 0.04 ml respectively).A dose dependent significantly higher urine concentrations of Na+was observed in the groupsIII, IV and V(89.39 ± 0.95, 113.1 ± 1.50 and 122.1 ± 1.14mEq/Lrespectively) when compared with the control group (84.36 ± 1.32mEq/L). The urine concentrations of Cl- ofgroupsIII, IV and V (129.4 ± 08, 157.9 ± 50 and 172.9 ± 0.34mEq/Lrespectively) was significantly higher when compared with the control rats (88.98 ± 0.44mEq/L). However, a significant higher urine K+concentration in groups IV and V (72.71 ± 0.13 and 78.89 ± 0.10mEq/Lrespectively) was observed, while in group III no significant difference in K+ concentrations (55.06 ± 0.14mEq/L) was observed when compared with the control group (54.68 ±0.55mEq/L). In the second aspect of the study, the groups III, IV and V show no significant change in the urine concentrations of urea and creatinine (24.85 ± 4.04, 23.67 ± 3.56 and 26.22 ± 2.59mEq/Lrespectively) and (88.89 ± 0.57, 90.44 ± 0.95 and 88.78 ± 0.51mEq/Lrespectively) when compared with the control rats (24.72 ± 2.06 and 91.32 ± 2.09mEq/Lrespectively). Similarly, the plasma concentrations of urea and creatinineof the groupsIII, IV and V (52.04 ± 3.86, 50.21 ± 4.71 and 45.55 ± 4.84mEq/Lrespectively) and (0.70 ± 0.075, 0.78 ± 0.05 and 0.82 ± 0.05mEq/Lrespectively) was not significantlydifferent from the control rats (45.46 ± 2.06mEq/L) and (0.69 ± 0.03).Groups IV and V showed a significantly lowerplasma Na+concentrations (137.1 ± 1.35 and 134.3 ± 1.22mEq/Lrespectively) when compared with the control group (143.0 ± 0.89mEq/L). Similar to plasma Na+ concentrations, a significant decrease in plasma Cl-concentrations was observed in these groups(96.20 ± 0.89 and 94.38 ± 1.60mEq/Lrespectively) when compared with the control rats (101.3 ± 0.97mEq/L)(p ˂ 0.05). Photomicrographs of the kidneys of the experimental rats were not significantly different from that of the control rats.
It is concluded that AECONS induced diuresis which is associated with increasedNa+, K+ and Cl- loss in rats without any significant alteration in the structure of their kidneys. It is possible that AECONS exhibited its diuretic property by blocking Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter system in the thick ascending loop of Henle of the nephrons. The excessive loss of these vital electrolytes as reflected by their low levels in the plasma can be deleterious to the neuromuscular transmission, cardiac funct
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aqueous extracts of Cola nitida, functionand electrolyteand, showeda significantlyhigher, The urine concentrations