Assessment of Indices of Cardiac, Haematologic, Autonomic Functions and Intelligence in Young Adults with sickle cell Anaemia in Ile ife,Nigeria
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Date
2023
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Faculty of Medical Sciences ,Obafemi Awolowo University
Abstract
This study determined the effect of haemoglobin (Hb) SS on body mass index, body surface area, cormic index and subischial leg length of the subjects; evaluated the effect of Hb SS on red blood cell indices and morphology, platelet count and white blood cell count; investigated the effect of Hb SS on cardiac autonomic functions; resting blood pressure indices and electrocardiogram of the subjects, assessed the effect of Hb SS on oxygen saturation and some markers of oxidative stress; and determined the effect of Hb SS on intelligence. These were with a view to providing information on the influence of Hb SS on growth, physiology of blood, cardiovascular health and cognitive function.
This was a comparative descriptive study of 100 young adult (18 – 40 years) participants. They were classified into two groups; 50 cases (participants with Hb SS) and 50 control (participants with Hb AA). The cases and controls were age-and sex-matched. Ethical approval was granted by Ethics and Research Committee of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. The anthropometric measurement was obtained by using Seca stadiometer-model 216, blood pressure indices by using a validated digital sphygmomanometer, electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry method, level of intelligence using Modified Ravens Progressive Matrices tool and cardiac autonomic functions by non-invasive method (blood pressure (BP) response to standing, BP response to sustained handgrip, heart rate (HR) response to Valsalva maneouvre, HR variation with deep breathing and HR response to standing) of the participants were obtained following standard protocol and formulae. Blood samples were also collected for full blood count and oxidative stress markers. The data were analyzed using student t-test, pearson correlation and chi-square. The p-value of p < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
The mean values of weight in kg [54.39 ± 5.54 vs 60.48 ± 8.65 (t=-4.195, p = 0.0001], body mass index in kg/m2 [19.58 ± 2.08 vs 21.48 ± 2.91 (t = 6.068; p = 0.0001)], cormic index in cm [44.71 ± 6.05 vs 50.03 ± 1.33 (t = -3.760; p = 0.0001)] and body surface area in m2 [1.59 ± 0.09 vs 1.68 ± 0.14 (t = -3.798, p = 0.0001)] were significantly lower while subischial leg length in cm [92.22 ± 10.76 vs 83.84 ± 4.41 (t = 5.092, p = 0.0001)] were significantly higher in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively. The mean values of red blood cells [2.82 x 106 ± 0.53 x 106 vs 4.76 x 106 ± 0.48 x 106 (t =-18.937, p = 0.0001)] were significantly lower while the platelet [365.22 x 103 ± 150.31 x 103 vs 213.44 x 103 ± 70.28 x 103 (t = 6.468, p = 0.0001)] were significantly higher in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively. The mean values of systolic blood pressure in mmHg [110.78 ± 10.82 vs 114.94 ± 9.49 (t = -2.044, p = 0.044)], mean arterial blood pressure in mmHg [82.02 ± 8.38 vs 89.69 ± 7.92 (t = -4.702, p = 0.0001)] were significantly lower while the pulse pressure in mmHg [43.14 ± 7.78 vs 37.88 ± 8.14 (t=3.303, p = 0.0001)] were significantly higher in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively. The mean values of oxygen saturation in % [95.52 ± 3.00 vs 98.06 ± 0.79 (t=-5.779, p = 0.0001)] and intelligence [99.24 ± 15.17 vs 107.96 ± 10.00 (t = -3.397, p = 0.001)] were significantly lower in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively. The mean resting heart rate in beats per minute [73.97 ± 10.05 vs 69.42 ± 7.10 (t=2.628, p = 0.010)], left ventricular voltage in mV [4.44 ± 2.00 vs 2.85 ± 0.98 (t = 5.052, t = 0.0001)] were significantly lower in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively.
In conclusion, this study showed that Hb SS causes lower weight, sitting height, BMI, BSA and cormic index but higher subischial leg length, low red blood cells with high platelet and white blood cells, altered heart rate variability and increased left ventricular voltage which is an independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death.
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Asafa,M.A (2023). Assessment of indices of cardiac, haematologic, autonomic functions and intelligence in young adults with sickle cell anaemia in Ile ife,Nigeria,Faculty of Medical Sciences ,Obafemi Awolowo University