Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development

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Open Access
An Analysis of Cohesiveness in Farming Groups
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1979) Agunbiade, J. B.; Ekpere, J. A.
The concept of group farming has been introduced, developed and accepted in Oyo State as a workable strategy for accelerated technology transfer and food production in the recent past. Evidence of such a policy is shown by the high input delivery and technical advisory assistance that such groups have received from the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the Agricultural Credit Corporation and other functionaries of Government in Oyo State. However, the expected advantages of group processes in agricultura1 production, input delivery and technology transfer has been difficult to implement in reality. A major constraint to the effective utilization of farming groups is the relative levels of cohesiveness consistent with sustained survival and operational efficiency essential to the attainment of group goals. In order to better understand this important phenomenon, a study was conducted to investigate cohesiveness within maize production groups in Oyo State. A total of two hundred and two members of ten group farms in two ecological areas of Oyo State were interviewed using a combination of interview schedule and pre-coded questionnaire. The results show that group cohesiveness was affected by access by individuals to group on-lending loan facilities, magnitude of shared profit (or perceived profit), quality of group leadership and individual member objective for group membership. Increasing attrition rates among members due perhaps, to unfulfilled personal expectation was the most single important reason for lack of cohesiveness within the farming groups.
Open Access
The Effectiveness of Project Performance Budgeting System in Agricultural Management
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1980) Ladipo, P. A.; Akinbode, I. A.
The Project Performance Budgeting System was introduced into the Western State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources in April 1974, superceding a general purpose programming strategy. This study evaluated the impact-of P.P.B.S. on problems previously found to dampen the effectiveness of agricultural services. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with headquarters' administrators, through questionnaires distributed to field officers, and through interviews with farmers. It was found that under P.P.B.S., inadequate and late supply of inputs was still a problem and that poor flow of inputs led to poor relationships with farmers and detracted from the job commitment of agents. On the other hand the new reporting system was found to be easier for field officers to work with providing useful information for evaluation, although administrators said that it increased their paper work. It was found that the impact of programmes on farmers is measured only indirectly under P.P.B.S. and that the system should be modified to accommodate feedback from farmers. Also, fewer farmers are dealt with more intensively. The possible usefulness of P.P.B.S. in staff evaluation was studied. A number of recommendations for improving the system were made.
Open Access
Some Determinants of Voluntary Participation in Community Development Programmes among Nigerians: a Preliminary Report
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1980) Ekong, Ekong E.; Olojede, A. A.
This is a joint report of two studies designed to investigate at different levels, some of those factors which affect voluntary participation in community development programmes among Nigerians. Data were obtained from a review of past works and from surveys carried out by the respective researchers among Nigerians abroad and at home. With the Nigerians living abroad, the main aim was to investigate their role perceptions in community development from a projective point of view while with those at home, the aim was to investigate the reasons for participation and non-participation in a concrete community development project. Results of the studies confirm some earlier findings on the psychology of social participation, particularly that participants in formal organizations for social action of general benefit, tend to be people with relatively higher socio-economic standing. Level of education does not however seem to be very crucial in the Nigerian case. Other revelations include the effects of the community characteristics and the individual's level of identification with or socialization in his community of origin. Where the community is small and the population of formally educated persons is also small, individuals within this small crop of elites tend to exert their leadership in community development more than in larger communities with many educated persons. Similarly stranger elements and those native who had spent most of their live outside their communities tend to be less interested in participating in community programmes. Other conclusions of the study are that people will participate more readily in visible projects having potentially general benefits than in those projects whose benefits they cannot readily claim. Also the integrity of project initiators is important in inviting popular participation.
Open Access
Adoption of OS6 Variety of Rice in Ife Division, Oyo State of Nigeria
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1980) Jibowo, A. A.
An investigation was conducted into the factors that influenced the adoption of the OS6 variety of rice in Ife Division. The extent and rate of adoption of the crop, the problems, personal and socio-economic characteristics of the rice farmers and farm characteristics associated with adoption of the crop were studied. Fifty-four adopters and 56 randomly selected non-adopters were interviewed in 8 villages where the crop had been adopted, between September and December, 1975. Data analysis showed a four-year time-lag between awareness and adoption of the crop. Statistically significant associations were found between age, years of schooling, innovation proneness, family labour, income, use of mass media, access to credit facilities, participation in organisations, cosmopoliteness, knowledge of extension workers, method of acquiring farmland, farm size, discontinuance of planting some crops, growing of permanent of annual crops, and adoption. No significant relationship was found between farming experience and adoption. Invasion by field pests was the major problem encountered.
Open Access
Factors Related to Capital Formation in Pre-Cooperative Farmer's Groups
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1982) Ladipo, P.
The monthly proportional rate of change in capital formation by six farmers' groups in the Ile-Ife area was taken as a measure of economic growth and studied over time and in relation to certain group features. There were seasonal fluctuations in the rate of contribution, with the more successful groups being those which varied their rates according to the availability of money. Economic growth was not related to group size, group farm size, or per capita contribution, but was related to meeting attendance. Thus, it is questionable whether existing registration requirements such as group size, size of operations, or amount of capital are appropriate at a time when government aims to develop cooperatives as instruments of agricultural growth. A methodology for examining the issue on a wider scale, and desirable alternative government approaches are suggested.
Open Access
Responses of Community Leaders and Non-leaders to the Land Use Act (1978) in Oyo State of Nigeria
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1983) Jibowo, A. A.
This study determined the knowledge of some specific provisions of the Land Use Act by the respondents, their reactions to the Act, the personal, social and economic characteristics and the relationships of these to their attitudes towards the Act. Interviews were carried out among 110 leaders and 170 non-leaders between December 1978 and February 1979. Leaders were generally older, earned higher incomes than non-leaders; majority of leaders were full-time farmers. The respondents did not claim much landed properties. Most respondents were ignorant of many specific provisions of the Act and did not apply for land allocation. The majority expressed an unfavourable attitude towards the Act. Formal education, borrowing of farmland, receiving compensations on land, age, length of community residence and years of schooling were associated with attitude among the respondents. Occupation, method of acquiring houseland, and some other characteristics were associated with attitude among leaders. Community identification, place of origin, and some other characteristics were associated with attitude among nonleaders. Understanding these relationships should facilitate the design and implementation of public measures to promote the implementation of the Act.
Open Access
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Agricultural Shows in Oyo and Ondo States of Nigeria
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1984) Jibowo, A. A.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural shows in Oyo and Ondo States. Data were obtained from 75 farmers who had participated in agricultural shows before, and 98 who had not, between September and November 1981, through interviews. Findings revealed that agricultural shows were effective in terms of imparting knowledge to the participants in the major areas of agriculture namely, crop, animal, fishery, and forestry management, but application of such knowledge was most frequent in crop management. The University of Ife had not been effective in attracting many participants to its booths, although it had been effective in passing knowledge of its exhibits to those who visited its booths, and such knowledge had been largely applied, except of Ife Brown cowpeas, the cultivation of which needed to be encouraged among the participants. Effective use of teaching methods, and special drives to stimulate farmers to attend the shows needed to be encouraged to enhance effectiveness. The significant relationship between characteristics such as income and contact with extension agents, and participation should assist the extension agents in identifying and encouraging potential participants, while farmers with less of the characteristics are also not ignored.
Open Access
Extension for the Emancipation of the Silent Majority
(Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 1985-05-14) Akinbode, I. A.
This inaugural address could not have come at a better time than now when the country's extension system is in a state of utter confusion if not.total collapse. Extension as an educational process and programme is usually on the priority list of programmes to be jettisoned anytime there is problem in the nation's economy. Extension programmes and staff are moved from one agency to another, oftentimes .to those with little or no understanding of what it is all about, nor appreciation of its principles and philosophy, and they' are replaced with 'crash' programmes which often crash before take-off. The consequence of this is that the country's peasants who still account for about 95 percent of Nigeria's agricultural output suffer. This then is the origin, of the title of my inaugural lecture, "Extension for the emancipation of the silent majority".
Open Access
A Study of Some Socio-economic and Institutional Factors Affecting Beef Production in the Middle Belt of Nigeria.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1986) Ige, Samuel Abayomi; Alao, J. Ade
NIGERIA, like most developing nations of the world, faces acute short-age of animal protein intake. Beef production has been recognized as one of the means by which the level of consumption of animal protein can be increased. The main objective of this research therefore was to conduct an exploratory study into some socio-economic and institutional factors affecting beef production in the central region of Nigeria which offers the greatest potential for ruminant livestock production in the country. The study covered five States in Nigeria, viz. BAUCHI, BENUE, KWARA, NIGER and PLATEAU states. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection from livestock workers of the various States' Ministries of Agriculture/or Natural Resources. A random sample of 100 respondents was selected and the response rate was eighty-five (85). Interview schedule, inter-personal discussions, and documentary research materials were all used in various combinations for collecting information from the Ministries' Chief Executives. The sociological factors affecting beef production centred on the belief systems, aesthetic values, attitudes, land use patterns, pastoralist farmer relationship and traditional cattle husbandry systems of the Fulani cattle farmers. Another important sociological factor was the cultural compatibility or otherwise of settling the nomads. The economic factors included the adequacy of livestock financing by the Government, the availability of farm credit, transportation of live and slaughtered animals, cattle feeding and stock water supply, beef distribution and marketing strategies. Some other economic factors studied were the economic importance of disease control and the menace of tsetse flies. The institutional factors of concern in the Study were inter- and intra-departmental/ ministerial co-ordination, availability and relevance of training programme, quantity and quality of staff for livestock development, programme planning procedures being adopted, government direct and indirect production efforts, and research activities into beef production. The study showed that the supply of beef in Nigeria could only be improved if concerted efforts were made to reduce or remove the identified multi-various constraints. The provision of pasture, grazing reserves, stock water, settlement of the nomads, modern range management practices, education for all farmers and their children, initiation of a dynamic marketing arrangement and the creation of a progressive rural structure for rural transformation are some of the needed requirements to increase the level of beef supply in Nigeria. The above findings are by no means the panacea to our ailing beef industry. The study and its recommendations however, will doubtlessly generate a lot of thoughts, further inquiry and greater concern for the urgent national need towards increased production and development of the Nigerian beef industry.
Open Access
Andragogical Transmission: the Secret of National Food Surplus
(Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 1998) Adegboyega Jibowo, A.
The history of agricultural extension as a profession had been subsumed under the overall history of agricultural development in Nigeria. Although a well recognised area of knowledge, the development of extension as an academic discipline has not been strongly pursued as that of some other technical agricultural disciplines. Although continuous research is essential for the advancement of knowledge in technical agriculture, much improved information is available which if applied could lead to production of national food surplus. What is lacking is the adequate transmission to, and application of such information by farmers to generate food surplus. However, extension is faced with many problems which had made it ineffective in playing the role of transmitting improved technical information in agriculture to farmers, and assisting them in applying the same. The most important problems include lack of access to adequate financial assistance, inadequate number of extension agents and inadequate supply of farm inputs.
Open Access
Assessment of Rural Youth Movement from Farming to Transportation Sector in Osun State, Nigeria
(2015-04-30) Ojubanire, Michael Olukayode
The study was designed to assess the movement of rural youth from farming to the rural transportation activities; identify reasons for the movement and determined their levels of involvement in these activities. It also determined the social and economic satisfaction derived from rural transportation by the youth. This is with a view to coming up with policy strategies that could facilitate the youth participation in rural development. The study was carried out in Ife-Ijesa, Iwo and Osogbo agricultural zones of Osun State, Nigeria. Validated interview schedule and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were used to elicit information on levels of economic satisfaction in rural transport activities and levels of involvement from 141 rural youths involved in rural transport activities. They were randomly selected from 325, 457 and 1,700 registered transport operators in Ife-Ijesa, Iwo and Osogbo zones respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. The results showed that 84% of the respondents were highly involved in rural transport activities; and spent an average of 14 hours per day. The results further showed that all the respondents were male among which 82% were married and 18% were single. The age bracket for respondents was between 13 and 30 years. Majority (54%) of the respondents had secondary education, 45% had primary education while 1% had no formal education. Also, majority (55%) of the respondents had between 4 and 7 years of experience in transport business, 37% had between 8 and 11 years while 1% had above 12 years. The result further showed that some (11%) of the respondents were also engaged in farming whilst 69% were involved in agro-allied businesses. About 17% were schooling prior to their involvement in rural transport activities. It was further revealed that majority (79%) of the respondents were involved in riding of motorcycle, 34% involved in bus driving while 5% engaged in both activities. Ninety five percent of the respondents had a moderate level of economic satisfaction in rural transportation activities, had a high level of economic satisfaction while 1% had a low level of economic satisfaction. The results also revealed that the average monthly income of N8,973 derived from transport business by the youth was more than the average monthly income of N5,598 generated from farming and agro-allied business. Furthermore there were significant relationships between the level of involvement in transport activities and age (x2 =10.46, p < 0.05), years of experience in transport business (x2 =16.63, p < 0.05), dependants' size (x2 =12.55, p < 0.05), forms of habitation (x2 =9.95, p < 0.05) and level of formal education (x2 =7.71, p < 0.05). In conclusion, rural youth abandoned farming for transportation business due to the economic gain, they derived from transport business.
Open Access
Perception of HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategies among the Youth in Farming Communities of Osun State, Nigeria.
(2015-09-29) Famuyiwa, Busayo Solomon
The study assessed the perception of some selected HIV/AIDS prevention strategies among youths in farming communities of Osun State. It specifically examined their socio economic and demographic characteristics, perception, attitude and practice of the strategies. It further assessed respondents' sources of information, frequency of use and the factors influencing the use of the HIV/AIDS prevention strategies. This was with a view to determining respondents' level of knowledge. Six Local Government Areas (LGAs), namely, Odo-Otin, Egbedore, Ife Central, Atakunmosa West, Ejigbo, and Iwo were purposively selected from the 30 LGAs in the state to represent the areas of high (Ejigbo and Ife − Central), medium (Egbedore and Atakunmosa West) and low (Odo – Otin and Iwo) HIV occurrences in the State. From the six LGAs, eighteen communities were randomly selected based on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS from which proportionate sampling technique was used to select 270 youths (135 males and 135 females) respondents of between 15 and 24 years. Data collected through the use of interview schedule and focus group discussion (FGD) were analysed using means, standard deviation and percentages while Chi – Square and Correlation analyses were used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the mean age of the respondents was 19.2 ± 2.6 years, while respondents’ first sexual experience was at a mean age of 12.3 ± 6.9 years. The results further showed that the population consisted of about 54% Muslims, 45% Christians and 1% adherents of traditional religion, of which about 44% engaged in full time fanning while 34% were students. However, on their secondary source of income, about 30% were engaged in commercial motor cycling (Okada), 10% assisted their parents in non - farm activities (vulcanizing, blacksmith, carpentry and petty trading) and 60% were involved in farming activities. A majority 92% of the respondents were literate, while their major sources of information about HIV/AIDS were radio (37%), print media (30%) and posters (27%). About (77%) of the respondents had indifferent perception and 72% moderate level of practice of the prevention strategies awhile a majority (74%) were indifferent in their attitude. Seventy six percent of the youths had moderate knowledge of the strategies, namely, abstinence, condom, voluntary counseling and testing, avoiding transfusion of untested blood and untreated sharp objects. Factors influencing the use of HIV/AIDS prevention strategies identified included respondents level of knowledge (71%), individual sexual needs (68%), availability of prevention methods (68%) and finance (67%). Correlation analysis showed a significant but inverse relationship between the levels of perception of the prevention strategies and years of residence (r -0.142; P < 0.05), position in the family (r = -0.144; P < 0.05), age (r = -0.179; P < 0.01) and years of formal schooling (r = -0.227; P < 0.01). A significant association was observed between the levels of perception of the prevention strategies and marital status ( x 2 = 625.38, df =6, P < 0.05); membership of social organization (x 2 = 310.02, df =4. P < 0.05) and level of practice (x 2 = 256.04, df = 4, P < 0.05). It was concluded that the majority of the youths in the farming communities were indifferent to the HIV/AIDS prevention strategies which predisposes them to low adoption of the strategies. Hence, rural youths in Osun State are vulnerable to the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

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