Department of Geography-Journal Articles

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Journal Articles (Geography)

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Now showing 1 - 14 of 14

Open Access
Rural Settlement Patterns and Rural Development in the Yorubaland of Nigeria
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1982) Osunade, M. A. A.
This paper focuses on three aspects of rural settlements: the concept of rurality, rural settlement characteristics and development implications. The conception of rurality by the Yoruba people is sociologically defined and thus inconsistent with demographic definition. A settlement of 40 houses may be called a town (ilu) and another of 80 houses a village (abule) depending on history and the people. The analysis showed that: (a) the curnmulative total of the number of settlements conforms to the S-shaped or sigmoid growth form of biological population; (b) rural settlements do not take the form of a wave diffusion in which areas occupied by earlier settlement lay adjacent to the 'mother' town, and (c) there is no appreciable relationship between topographical factors roads and settlements. The factors of size and spatially dispersed distribution of settlements emphasize the attendant problems of rural development. It is therefore suggested that a reorganisation of settlements for increased threshold population under the Local Government framework is desirable.
Open Access
A GIS-Based Procedure for Downscaling Climate Data for West Africa
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008-10) Akinyemi, Felicia; Adejuwon, James Oladipo
Local studies aimed at assessing the impact of climate variability on crop yield at the individual farm level require the use of weather and climate data. These are often collected at points known as meteorological stations. In West Africa, meteorological stations are sparsely distributed and as a result, are often unable to satisfy the data requirements for such studies. One major problem arising from this is how to estimate values for locations where primary data is not available. General Circulation Models (GCMs) have recently been deployed for weather forecasting and climate change projections but the resolution of their outputs is low requiring downscaling. This article describes a GIS-based procedure for downscaling GCMs’ outputs for use in studies assessing the impacts of climate variability on crop yield at the farm level. The procedure is implemented with the Hadley Centre's GCM (HadCM2) data, although any other GCM can be used. Results in this study show that the model works best when representing drier months as compared to wet months in all three domains tested. For example, it estimated the rainfall for January (the driest month) better than that of July which is the peak of the rainy season in West Africa. There is also a north-south pattern influencing the accuracy of estimated rainfall distribution, with stations in the south better represented than those in the north. For the greater part of West Africa where similar climatic conditions persist as in Nigeria, this procedure can be considered suitable for interpolation and downscaling
Open Access
Assessing conflict impacts on urban physical infrastructure:
(International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 2011-12) Ayanlade, Sina; Orimoogunje, Oluwagbenga O. I.
This paper used geographic information systems (GIS) technique to assess the impact of conflict on land use in Ile-Ife and Modakeke in Nigeria. There has been limited systematic research work in terms of mapping the impacts of the communal crisis on the land use pattern using GIS. Therefore, the major aim of this paper is to map the impact of communal conflict on land use with the aid of GIS. Global positioning system (GPS) was used to take the co-ordinates of the affected area. The GIS map produced more than six years after the last clash between both communities. The research team counted 53 houses that were totally destroyed and remained to be re-built or rehabilitated.
Open Access
A multi-perspective view of the effects of a pipeline explosion in Nigeria
(International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2013-11) Makinde, E. O.; Eludoyin, Adebayo O; Salami, Ayobami T
Vandalisation of petroleum pipelines is a major cause of pipeline fire disasters. However, except the number of deaths recorded, little information of the effects of such disasters on the environment is often reported in developing countries, and post-disaster remediation process is thus usually unmonitored or ineffective. This study investigated the effect of a major pipeline disaster in a rural environment in Nigeria from multi-date satellite imageries (orthophoto map, Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus, ETM þand IKONOS), social and ecological surveys. Results showed that some of the affected settlements were within the pipeline corridor before the disaster, and pipeline vandalisa- tion was encouraged by one or more cases of faulty and exposed pipeline, deficient pipeline monitoring system, sabotage and readily available markets for siphoned oil. Ecological effects include loss of about 200 ha of vegetation resulting into significantly lower woody and herbaceous plant species in the affected regions than the adjacent plots. Significant proportion of the survivors also reported lower quality of groundwater (well water), air and streams, health problems (mainly abdominal pain) after they drank the well water and destruction of their crops and farmlands. The study concluded on the need for enforcement of the right-of-way laws on pipelines in Nigeria.
Open Access
Air temperature, relative humidity, climate regionalization and thermal comfort of Nigeria
( International Journal of Climatology, 2014-05) Eludoyin, Oyenike M.; Adelekan, Ibidun O.; Webster, R; Eludoyin, Adebayo O
Planners and policy makers require information about the regions for which they are responsible. However, it seems that many developing countries, including Nigeria, are not adequately prepared either for their current climates or for the impact of climate change because they lack sufﬁcient information. We have therefore examined the variations in the thermal condition in terms of the temperature, relative humidity, effective temperature (ET), temperature– humidity index (THI) and relative strain index (RSI). We studied the spatial and temporal (1951–2009, 1951 –1980, 1981 –2009, decadal, seasonal and monthly averages) variations in the thermal climate of Nigeria, and we divided Nigeria into thermal climate regions for effective climate change management. Mean annual minimum, mean and maximum temperatures (with their standard deviations) were 21.4 (3.5), 27.1 (2.7) and 32.8 (3.4) ◦C, respectively, while the overall mean relative humidity was 62 (24.8)%. Mean ET, THI and RSI were 24.3 (0.85), 24.8 (1.83) and 0.2 (0.18) ◦C, respectively. The ET, THI and RSI provided contrasting expressions of thermal comfort for Nigeria, because of its varied climate. We also found that elevation; the movement of the Inter Tropical Discontinuity and urbanization affect thermal comfort in Nigeria. We conclude that thermal stress has increased in Nigeria from 2000 at most stations, especially in the south and north-western regions, and that Nigerian thermal comfort climate is heterogeneous and requires analysis of multiple thermal indices
Open Access
Air temperature, relative humidity, climate regionalization and thermal comfort of Nigeria
(Wiley Online Library, 2014-05) Eludoyin, Oyenike M.; Adelekan, Ibidun O.; Webster, R; Eludoyin, Adebayo O
Planners and policy makers require information about the regions for which they are responsible. However, it seems that many developing countries, including Nigeria, are not adequately prepared either for their current climates or for the impact of climate change because they lack sufﬁcient information. We have therefore examined the variations in the thermal condition in terms of the temperature, relative humidity, effective temperature (ET), temperature–humidity index (THI) and relative strain index (RSI). We studied the spatial and temporal (1951–2009, 1951–1980, 1981–2009, decadal, seasonal and monthly averages) variations in the thermal climate of Nigeria, and we divided Nigeria into thermal climate regions for effective climate change management. Mean annual minimum, mean and maximum temperatures (with their standard deviations) were 21.4 (3.5), 27.1 (2.7) and 32.8 (3.4) ◦C, respectively, while the overall mean relative humidity was 62 (24.8)%. Mean ET, THI and RSI were 24.3 (0.85), 24.8 (1.83) and 0.2 (0.18) ◦C, respectively. The ET, THI and RSI provided contrasting expressions of thermal comfort for Nigeria, because of its varied climate. We also found that elevation; the movement of the Inter Tropical Discontinuity and urbanization affect thermal comfort in Nigeria. We conclude that thermal stress has increased in Nigeria from 2000 at most stations, especially in the south and north-western regions, and that Nigerian thermal comfort climate is heterogeneous and requires analysis of multiple thermal indices.
Open Access
Land Use Dynamics and Expansion of the Built-Up Area in Benin City, Nigeria
(MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy, 2014-10) Olayiwola, Wale; Igbavboa, O E
The dynamics of the urban form in relation to anthropogenic activities leaves much to be desired in its study for proper and timely planning of the urban environment. This, therefore, brings to bear the urgent need for the use of modern digital town planning techniques that can easily provide accurate data for efficient planning preference to the continual use of conventional analogue methods which make town planning data readily available. In view of this, this study monitored the growth of Benin City between 1987 and 2008 using the contemporary remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Thus, the study aimed at examining the trend of urban growth in the study area with a view to examining its consequence on the land use pattern. The methods adopted for this research involves the use of remotely sensed data from Landsat TM and Landsat ETM. Ground truthing was also carried out to corroborate the data from the satellite images. Secondary data from the literature relevant to the study were also obtained. The results showed that Benin City was expanding rapidly leading to an inverse spill over effect on the vegetation resources of the peripheral area. This has placed a serious burden on the Department of Town/ Land Use Planning saddled with the responsibility to properly integrate these adjoining rural settlements into the already existing urban form. In addition, the results showed that at the rate Benin-City was expanding, if not checked will in no distant future pose a threat to the micro-climate of the area and food production.
Open Access
A-Geo-Informatics-Technique-for-the-Management-of-Meningitis-Epidemic-Distributions-in-Northern-Nigeria
(Information Resources Management Journal, 2015-07) Jegede, Margaret O.; Ayanlade, Sina; Ayanlade, Oluwatoyin S. Ayanlade; Baloye, David O.
This study aims at examining and mapping the spatiotemporal distribution of meningitis epidemic, in relation to climate variability, using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques. Using the northern part of Nigeria as a case study, data on meningitis epidemic were obtained from the archive of National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria for the periods between 1998 and 2013. The data were updated with collection from Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Also, Nigerian Ministry of Health has compiled consistent statistics on meningitis incidence for the periods. A meningitis distribution map was derived from an environmentally-driven form of predicted probability of epidemic experience as it is in International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) Database. The results showed that Meningitis Epidemic is very high during months with low rainfall. Thus, seasonality of rainfall and temperature are important determinants of Meningitis Epidemic incidence in the Northern part of Nigeria. Therefore, it can be conrmed, as cited in some literatures, that the distribu- tion of the epidemics has a strong association with the environment, especially climate variability. Although meningitis surveillance systems in Nigeria have improved, they still fall short of the sensitivity required to demonstrate incidence changes in vaccinated and non-vaccinated cohorts and complementary approaches may be needed to demonstrate the impact of the vaccines. There is however, a need for a new technology and innovation like an integrated GIS, and other environmental modeling system, to allow health practitioners as well as policy makers, for better management, productivity and protability.
Open Access
Assessment of surface water quality of inland valleys for cropping in SW Nigeria
(Appl Water Sci, 2015-07) Aboyeji, Olatunji Sunday; Ogunkoya, Olayinka
Inland valley agro-ecosystems which are a category of wetlands have potential for sustainable crop production relative to uplands. A major challenge to their utilisation in the study area is their heterogeneity in hydrology, morphology, soil types and agro-economy. The study assessed the surface water quality of three typologies of the agro-ecosystems—amphitheatre-like valley-heads (Am), valley-side (VS), and low depression (LD)—for cropping. Surface water of six sites were sampled during the wet and dry seasons. The physicochemical properties and metal concentrations of the samples were analysed. Descriptive statistics and water quality indices were used to assess the suitability of the waters of the agro-ecosystems for cropping. Results showed that the valleys have neutral to slightly alkaline waters. Values of physicochemical parameters are generally within the acceptable range for cropping. The concentration of major cations varied across the inland valley types, but exhibited similar characteristics within each valley. The dominance of the major cations is in the order of Na [Ca [K[Mg. ANOVA results indicated that there is no signiﬁcant difference in the concentration of heavy metals across the valleys (F=2.044, p=0.138, a=0.05). Generally, most of the physicochemical parameters and trace metals have low concentrations and are non-toxic to plants. Values of water quality indices (sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, total dissolved solids and permeability index) indicated that the concentrations of minerals in waters across the valley typologies are generally within permis- sible limits for cropping.
Open Access
Modelling a critical infrastructure-driven spatial database for proactive disaster management: A developing country context
(Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 2016-03) Baloye, David O.; Palamuleni, Lobina Gertrude
The understanding and institutionalisation of the seamless link between urban critical infrastructure and disaster management has greatly helped the developed world to establish effective disaster management processes. However, this link is conspicuously missing in developing countries, where disaster management has been more reactive than proactive. The consequence of this is typiﬁed in poor response time and uncoordinated ways in which disasters and emergency situations are handled. As is the case with many Nigerian cities, the challenges of urban development in the city of Abeokuta have limited the effectiveness of disaster and emergency ﬁrst responders and managers. Using geospatial techniques, the study attempted to design and deploy a spatial database running a web-based information system to track the characteristics and distribution of critical infrastructure for effective use during disaster and emergencies, with the purpose of proactively improving disaster and emergency management processes in Abeokuta
Open Access
Seasonality in the daytime and night-time intensity of land surface temperature in a tropical city area
(International journal of Science of The Total Environment, 2016-12) Ayanlade, Sina
Variations in urban land surface temperature (LST) links to the surrounding rural areas result to urban heat island (UHI), which is a global problem challenging both cities in develop and developing countries. Satellite data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), covering the period between 2002 and 2013 were analysed to examine seasonal variability in the daytime and night-time intensity of urban heat island (UHI), using Lagos metropolitan city of Nigeria as a case study. Contribution index (CI) and landscape index (LI) were used to estimate the LST contributions from non-urban and urban areas to UHI and assess the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LST. The LI showed that both non-urban and urban areas contribute greatly to strengthen the intensity of LST during the daytime (with LI b1.0) and much more during the daytime in the dry seasons (LI = 0.13 in the year 2013). The correlation analysis showed seasonal variation in the relationship (R 2 ) between NDVI and the LST for both day and night times. The highest R 2 values were recorded for daytime, especially during the wet season (R 2 N0.90), while R 2 were very low in the night-time especially during dry season. The study indicates that reduction in vegetal cover in Lagos urban areas altered the terrestrial thermal and aerodynamic processes hence resulted in an intensiﬁcation of UHI in the metropolitan city.
Open Access
Land cover change and forest management strategies in Ife nature reserve, Nigeria
(GeoJournal, 2018-09) Eludoyin, Adebayo O; Iyanda, Olamide Olaleye
This study examined the existing forest management strategies and land cover change in one of nature forest reserves in Nigeria. It analysed freely available Landsat imageries for the assessment of land cover change between 1986 and 2014, and conducted key informant interviews on forest guards and an administrator in relevant ministry, for information on management practiced. Results showed that about 35.2% of the vegetal cover were lost within the study period; 80% of the interviewed forest guards attributed such loss to unrestricted access of the surrounding communities, 60% to logging or chain saw operation, and 40% to farming practices and bush burning in the reserve. Management practiced is that, which ensures passive input with active harvesting, but cannot be ﬁxed within a speciﬁc sustainable strategy of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. The study concluded that given the management strategy practiced in the forest reserve, which also allows defaulters of forest reserve regulations to escape punishment because they can ‘settle’, indicate that corruption, rather than poverty, is the major drive of deforestation in the area.
Open Access
A remote sensing-based evaluation of an ungauged drainage basin in Southwestern Nigeria
(Taylor & Francis, 2019-07) Adewole, Adedayo Oreoluwa; Eludoyin, Adebayo O
Paucity of scientiﬁc information about many river basins in developing countries, especially in subSaharan Africa, has been linked to poor datasets and expensive monitoring technology. This study assessed the capability of freely available Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reﬂection Radiometer (ASTER), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Landsat imageries to provide management decision support on river basins in the region. Main objectives are to examine landuse/landcover change over the Opa river basin in Ife area in southwest Nigeria, characterize the basin morphometrically and compare the morphometric characteristics from diﬀerent sensors and resolutions. Results showed that the ecosystem of the river basin is vulnerable to urban intrusion and disturbance from human activities as urban population increases. Also, analysis of the DEMs allowed the drainage basin to be delineated into relatively homogenous and manageable sizes that can ease management, organization and evaluation of their eco-hydrological systems. The study concluded that complementary use of SRTM and ASTER DEMs with Landsat imageries that are freely available spatial data for researchers, is capable of providing useful decision support system for management of river basins in the region, to a level of uncertainty occasioned by sensors’ characteristics.
Open Access
A multi-sensor-based evaluation of the morphometric characteristics of Opa river basin in Southwest Nigeria
(trading as Taylor & Francis Group, 2019-11) Adewole, Adedayo Oreoluwa; Felix, Ike; Eludoyin, Adebayo O
Studies have shown that many river basins in the sub-Saharan Africa are largely unmonitored, partly because they are poorly or totally ungauged. In this study, remote sensing products (Landsat, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reﬂection Radiometer; ASTER and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission; SRTM) that are freely availableintheregionwereharnessedforthemonitoringofOpariver basin in southwestern Nigeria. The remote sensing products were complementarily used with topographical sheets (1:50,000), ground based observation and global positioning systems to determine selected morphometric characteristics as well as changes in landuse/ landcoveranditsimpactonpeakrunoﬀ intheOpariverbasin.Results showed that the basin is a 5th order basin whose land area has been subjected to diﬀerent natural and anthropogenic inﬂuences within the study period. Urbanisation is a major factor that threatens the basin with degradation and observed changes, and the threats are expectedtobecomeworseifrestorationisnotconsideredfromsome tributaries. The study concluded that commentary use of available remotesensingproductsintheregionwillprovideanimportantlevel of decision support information for management and monitoring of river basins.

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