Faculty of Environmental Design and Management

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Faculty of Environmental Development and Management

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Open Access
Assessment of Concentration of Airborne Heavy Metals in the Workplace and of Operational Efficiency of a Scrap Iron and Steel Smelter
(2015-05-15) Owoade, Oyediran Kayode
Energy and material audit, measurement of concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and elemental analysis of the SPM were carried out in a scrap iron and steel smelter in Lagos, Nigeria. This was with the view to assessing the operational efficiency and the occupational exposure of workers in various production processes of the industry to toxic heavy metals. Data were obtained through questionnaire served on operation engineers on mass and energy usage, and from purposively selected workers on exposure to toxic heavy metals in the workplace. Estimate of the input and output was computed using equation (1): Σ Mi =Σ Ms+ Σ Mf and Σ Mo =Σ Mp + ΣMsl +Σ Mw………… (1) (where Σ Mi,Σ Ms,Σ Mf,Σ Mo , Σ Mp,Σ Msl and Σ Mw were total weight input, total scrap weight used, total output weight, total weight of the product, total slag weight and total weight of the waste rod respectively). Size segregated suspended particulate matter–PMIO (respirable fraction), PM2.5 (inhalable fraction) and TSP (Total suspended particulate matter) were collected at the two electric arc furnace sections (EAF-1, EAF-2), the continuous casting section (CC), the rolling mill (RM), a mechanical workshop,(MW), a quality control laboratory (QL) and air-conditioned administrative office (AQ) using Gent PM10 and Negretti 1000 samplers once a month from April, 2003 to March, 2004. A combination of Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF), Polarized Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and conventional EDXRF techniques were used for the elemental analysis of the collected samples. The result showed that the average energy input per ton of scrap iron processed in EAF-1 was 15500 + 150 MJ, while the average energy consumed in melting a ton of the scrap was 8060 ± 57 MJ with an average energy efficiency of 52 %. The average efficiencies of EAF-2 and CC were similarly estimated to be 59 % and 63 %. On the average 527.9+ 28 MJ of energy was used in rolling one tonne of rod at the RM section. Average mass efficiencies of 91 % (EAF-1), 89 % (EAF-2), 91 % (CC) and 97 % (RM) were obtained using equation 1. The mass concentration values for TSP were 2306 (EAF-1), 3335 (EAF-2), 2534 (CC) and 646 (RM) μg/m3; for PM2.5 were 190 (EAF-1), 153 (EAF-2), 148 (CC) and 93 (RM)μg/m3 for PM2.5 and for PM10 were 2051(EAF-1), 4570 (EAF-2), 3319 (CC) and 687 (RM) μg/m3. The highest concentrations of toxic heavy metals measured were Cr 6.4 μg/m3 at EAF-2, Ni 1.8 μg/m3 at EAF-2, As 0.4 μg/m3 at EAF-1 and Cd 2.3 μg/m3 at EAF-2. The average concentrations of Zn measured in the PM2.5 samples were 38.0 ± 2.8 (EAF-1), 21.0 ± 1.6 (EAF-2), 40.0 ± 3.1 (CC) and 3.7+ 0.09 (RM) μg/m3 while the average concentration of Pb were 5.2 ± 0.13 (EAF-1), 5.9 ± 0.17 (EAF-2), 9.7 ± 0.27 (CC) and 1.4 ± 0.03 (RM) ,ug/m3. Also, the average concentrations for Zn measured in the PM10 samples were 312 ± 4.2 (EAF-1), 2348 ± 28 (EAF-2), 482.0 ± 5.1 (CC) and 39 ± 1.9 (RM) μg/m3 while the average concentration of Pb were 59.0 ± 2.9 (EAF-1), 160 ± 5 (EAF-2), 104 ± 3.8 (CC) and 11.0 ± 0.9 (RM) μg/m3. Exposure concentrations per hour measured at EAF-1 and EAF-2 sections for Zn were 87 μg/m3 and 6.4 mg/m3 while for Pb were 15.6 and 178 μg/m3 The study concluded that TSP was above the WHO guidelines of 40 μg/m3 and the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) Nigeria for industrial environment at all location. Also, average elemental concentrations for Pb and Zn were above the United States Environmental Protection Agency limits of 1.5 and 50 μg/m3 .The study also concluded that workers' exposure to heavy metals was higher than Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) limits.
Open Access
A Comparative Study of Low-Income Housing Schemes in Festac Village and Amuwo Odofin Housing Estate: An Approach to Mass Housing.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1986) Idowu, Adetokunbo; Olaluyin, L. O.; Falade, J. B.
This study examines the hypotheses that as people are partly involved in construction of housing, their affordability and satisfaction levels are improved. The study is illustrated with two case studies of low-income households in Amuwo Odofin Housing Estate and in Festac Village, both in Lagos State. Socio-economic variables relating to household income, housing expenditure, work accessibility and amenities were derived from questionnaire survey and used as measures of affordability and satisfaction levels. Scale rating procedure, and significance test were used to correspondingly determine the utilization levels of existing social services and infrastructures, and evaluation of default rates in rent for the two case studies. The study shows that better living conditions exist in Festac Village than Amuwo Odofin Housing Estate. Further analyses based on socio-economic factors and occupancy ratio show that Amuwo Odofin low-income households are more satisfied with their housing and community than those in Festac Village because the housing units are cheaper and the occupants were involved in the construction. The continuous involvement of the government and people in mass housing provision with cross-subsidy approach to housing provision and housing up-grading are recommended for solving housing problems in the areas of study.
Open Access
Design Proposal for a Museum of Art, Craft and Archaeology Complex at Akure, Ondo State.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1985) Akomolede, David Ojo Bolade; Barbero, Luciano
This thesis is primarily concerned with the study, planning and design of a museum of arts, crafts and archaeology at Akure in Ondo State. The museum represents the optimal solution for protecting and adequately displaying to the general public all valuable artistic expressions belonging to the history of the people of the state. The thesis thus starts with a background study by looking broadly at Nigeria, touching at some facets of her culture and defines the major elements of Ondo State culture. It examines museum typologies and traces their development in Nigeria, justifying a museum of arts, crafts and archaeology for the state and then looks critically at some existing museums as examples for a pleasant and, realistic design. The features of the state and Akure town are then considered in order to arrive at the most suitable selection of the location for this museum. The thesis thus concludes with the study of the site selected and all design considerations concerning this specific proposal.
Open Access
Design Proposal for Automobile Service Centre in Abeokuta.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1985) Oshode, Owolabi Tokunbo; Ojomo, I. A.
The focus of this research is the analysis and evaluation of issues relevant to the programming and design of an authomobile service centre in Abeokuta, Ogun State. The method used included a literature search and a field survey and evaluation of some existing automobile service centres in Nigeria. The function of the service centre includes the servicing and repair of automobile and the training of staff. The spatial requirements of the centre are determined by sizes of equipment, the operational processes of service and repair, and the convenience of workers. A design for a service centre at Abeokuta was proposed.
Open Access
The Effects of Household Environmental Factors on Residents' Health in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
(2015-05-08) Olawuni, Peter Olabiyi
This study examined the household environmental and socio-economic factors of residents in the low, medium and high residential areas in Osogbo. This was with a view to evaluating the impact of these factors on their health. Data were collected in the purposively selected 94 buildings in the high residential density zone, 140 in the medium and 198 buildings in the low density, making a total of 432 buildings in the study area. These were taken from the selected 19 grids in the high density, 46 in the medium, and 60 in the low density, making a total of 125 grids in all. Osogbo representative map was georeferenced and converted to digital format using ILWIS 3.2 and later exported to ArcView 3.2 environment, where the data collected on each digitized sampled household, though questionnaire were attached as attributes to form database. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that incidence of stomach ache (10.4%) and diarrhoea (10.4%) were higher among respondents living in the high residential densities. In addition, incidences of malaria (27.9%) diarrhoea (14.5%) and stomach ache (12.8%) were higher also in the high residential density than in medium and low residential densities. Respondents that depended on public tap water in the high residential density had higher incidence of typhoid (14.5%) than in the other residential densities. Among respondents that depended on plastic tanks as water storage facility, malaria (36.6%) and stomach ache (14.9%) were higher in the low than the high and medium residential density areas and, diarrhoea (9.8%), was higher among respondents that use galvanized tanks in the high residential density than other areas. Stomach ache (19.1%) and diarrhoea (18.0%) were higher among respondents that depended on pit latrines in the high residential density than in the other two residential densities. Also, malaria (43.8%) and typhoid (7.2%) were higher among respondents that dump their wastes on empty land in the medium residential density than in the other two residential densities. The study further showed that there exist significant differences between residential density and some environmental factors such as, household water sources (X2 = 92.739; p = 0.000), methods of in-house waste storage (X2 = 19.851; p = 0.011) and places of waste disposal (X2 = 19.028; p = 0.015). This study concluded that environmental factors affected the health of residents in varying degree in the residential density areas, and more so in the high density area.
Open Access
An Evaluation of Cost Control Measures Applied to Selected Small and Medium Sized Construction Firms.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1986) Ademoroti, Gbadebo; Kyere, D. K.
The research determined suitable and effective cost control measures to forestall overrun of contracts by using available resources in Nigerian small/medium sized construction firms. The research data were derived from a survey of seven completed projects and nine selected on-going projects. The questionnaires were divided into four parts. The fit directed to client/financier/ consultants of completed projects determined whether the projects were overrun in terms of time, cost and quality. The second directed to Head office determined cost control measures. The third to supervisors discovered material wastage on site while the fourth to site workforce collected data on labour stability. An observational technique was used to collect additional information about wastage of building materials on the site. An in-depth analysis was carried out on weather data collected from meteorological services. The analysis of the data showed that projects overran either in terms of cost or time. The main cause of cost overrun was attributed to inflation in cost of building materials and time overrun was due to delay in stage payment by the client and bad weather. Based on a model of different sizes of construction firms derived from literature review, observation revealed that small and medium sized construction firms could manage projects up to N250,000.00 and N2,000,000.00 respectively. Emanating from this study, it is recommended that there should be pre-contract arrangement whereby all materiel needed for the project are purchased and kept in a store. The manufacturing of locally produced building materials should be intensified. The contractor should make use of meteorological service reports for the purpose of estimating, planning and control of construction projects. An establishment of an insurance policy bound should be encouraged to protect the contractor from client's failure to honour certificate of payment.
Open Access
An Evaluation of the Use of Mechanical Plant in Construction: A Case Study of Selected Number of Sites.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1985) Lasabi, Babatunde Tajudeen; Nwoka, N. I.
The study focuses on the practice of managing construction plants as a pre-condition for their affective utilization in the Nigerian construction industry. It shows that the economic life of a plant depends on adequate maintenance and that appropriate education and training for the plant operators enhances the efficiency of plants and equipments. It also discusses the issue of costing in relation to construction operations and hence highlights the consequences of inadequate computation of costing items. The research methodology includes the examination of plant use management taking cognizance of the contractors' organizational set up as a basis for operation. The research concludes with a set of recommendations such as adequate training of operators, restricted choice of brand of plants and adequate managerial personnel in order to enhance the productivity of contractors.
Open Access
More than Shelter
(Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 1983-02-15) Wahab, Kunle Ade
It is usually conceived, constructed and maintained by man to create within it a micro-environment to satisfy his basic needs. In addition, any building represents a statement of hope for the future. Since it is a response to material and geographical necessities, religious beliefs, social systems and economic conditions, a building is more than mere shelter. Various needs lead to different types of buildings, namely, residential, religious, civic, commercial, industrial, and military, among others.
Open Access
A Multipurpose Computer Package for Medium Sized Construction Firms in Nigeria
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1986) Osibodu, Anthony B.; Olateju, O.; Akinde, Bayo
The purpose of this study is to examine how the computer can be of assistance in the management of medium sized construction firms in Nigeria. The first part of the investigations was undertaken by carrying out extensive literature reviews on the uses of computer in the management of the construction industry with particular reference to medium sized construction firms in Nigeria. The second part was carried out using questionnaires administered to construction management personnel and computer vendors in various parts of the country, to ascertain the current uses of the computer in the Nigerian Building Industry. These investigations revealed that accounting and estimating procedures in medium sized construction firms could be improved if computerized. In the third part computerized samples of these procedures were presented. In order to facilitate the uses of these computerized procedures it was finally suggested that computer training be given to construction management personnel; that in the selection of computer vendors, the user must be assured support for maintenance of both hardware and software; and that the government's attitude should change towards the computer which it regards as imported goods and not technology.
Open Access
OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN OVERVIEW
(Getty Foundation, Los Angeles, 2023) Adekunle Adeyemo, Prof. Dr. Bayo Amole, Winfried Brenne, Fabian Brenne, Prof. Dr. Babatunde Jaiyeoba, Anne Linhard, Janna Lipsky, Annette Schryen
"A university is like an urban development, always growing, changing and expanding, due to the fluctuations in our contemporary society, and the rapidly developing technology." -Arieh Sharon
Open Access
The Physical Planning Implications of Housing Estate Development in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
(2015-05-05) Olajuyin, Olusola Isola; Fadare, S. O.
The study examined the physical planning implications of housing estate development in Akure with a view to providing information on the effects of location of public housing estates on the activity patterns of the residents. Twenty percent (205%) of the total housing units (2600) in the estates were systematically selected for the study. One questionnaire was administered on one household head per house. Random sampling was used in selecting the first house for the study after which the fifth (5th) house was selected. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data obtained. The results showed that Alagbaka, Oba-Ile and Ijapo estates were high income estates where the respondents earned an average monthly income of forty thousand naira. The average monthly income in Afunbiowo and Ala estates were twenty thousand naira. Majority of the respondents in the estates (79.0%) had secondary educational status or above and an average of 5 persons per house-hold in the housing estates. The result also showed that the location significantly related with the total number o f daily trips made by the residents (x2 = 63.25 p, < 0.05). It also showed that location of the estates was significantly related to distance traveled to work (x2 = 78.45, p < 0.05), and also that the location of the estates had significant influence on the total shopping trips made weekly (x2 = 92.92, p < 0.05). Results further revealed a positive relationship between house-hold size and social and recreational trips (r = 0.16, p < 0.05) and distance traveled to shopping (r = 0.13 p < 0.05). It also showed a significant relationship between educational level and distance traveled to work (r = 0.10, p < 0.05). It was revealed in the analysis that income level correlated significantly with the total number of trips to shopping (r = 0.l8, p < 0.05). Distance traveled to shopping ((r = 0.15, p < 0.05). and distance traveled to recreational activities (r = 0.13. p < 0.05). The study concluded that the mobility patterns of the residents in the housing estates were significantly determined by their housing locations and their socio economic status.
Open Access
Physical Planning Implications of Property Development in Akure Ondo State of Nigeria
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1987) Babade, Joseph Babatope; Fayomi, S.O
Most urban problems have been attributed to the practice of property development in defiance of necessary planning considerations. The case of Akure is examined in this work. In this respect, questionnaires were served on 670 respondents in Akure. The questions require information on physical characteristics of various property types in Akure, and also, on the socio-economic characteristics of the occupiers. Various agencies responsible for urban affairs were contacted on the existing situation. In addition, the physical environment of Akure was critically studied to determine implications of various property types. From the study, the factors that affect various land uses in Akure were identified. These included income, taste and fashion, accessibility, proximity to local amenities and work places, government policy and socio-cultural factors. The existing planning policies were found to be inadequate to meet the requirement of the present situation, the implications of which call for a review. For example, the social and other supporting facilities like recreational park, roads and water supply are found to be grossly inadequate. It is also observed that there is a lack of proper co-ordination of various public agencies supplying social services. Based on these findings, certain policies are recommended with appropriate institutional machinery for urban planning development. The strategies suggested include formulation of planning and development policies starting from the local level, site and services schemes, establishment of Green Belt and enactment of Edicts restricting felling of trees within Akure sub-region. Others include Edicts controlling air and water pollution and the enforcement of planning regulations without prejudice.
Open Access
Physical Planning Implications of Property Development in Akure Ondo State of Nigeria.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1987) Babade, Joseph Babatope; Fayomi, S.O.
Most urban problems have been attributed to the practice of property development in defiance of necessary planning considerations. The case of Akure is examined in this work. In this respect, questionnaires were served on 670 respondents in Akure. The questions require information on physical characteristics of various property types in Akure, and also, on the socio-economic characteristics of the occupiers. Various agencies responsible for urban affairs were contacted on the existing situation. In addition, the physical environment of Akure was critically studied to determine implications of various property types. From the study, the factors that affect various land uses in Akure were identified. These included income, taste and fashion, accessibility, proximity to local amenities and work places, government policy and socio-cultural factors. The existing planning policies were found to be inadequate to meet the requirement of the present situation, the implications of which call for a review. For example, the social and other supporting facilities like recreational park, roads and water supply are found to be grossly inadequate. It is also observed that there is a lack of proper co-ordination of various public agencies supplying social services. Based on these findings, certain policies are recommended with appropriate institutional machinery for urban planning development. The strategies suggested include formulation of planning and development policies starting from the local level, site and services schemes, establishment of Green Belt and enactment of Edicts restricting felling of trees within Akure sub-region. Others include Edicts controlling air and water pollution and the enforcement of planning regulations without prejudice.
Open Access
The Place of Computer in Fine Art Teaching in the Digital Age: A Case of Curriculum Repositioning
(2005) Egbedokun, A. O.; Badru, F. M.; Adeyanju, J. L.; Idowu, Lanre
The effect of computer has swept across all the continents of the globe and has impacted positively on our economic, social, political, religious and educational spheres. Computer is no longer an amazing wizard as it used to be almost 20 years ago. It is now a commonplace and it continues to spread and affect our lives and work. In education, teaching and learning modes are undergoing rethink. Researchers are in top gear to examine the 'effects' of computer and its possible integration into the curriculum vis-a-vis theories/principles guiding teaching and learning process. As part of the cases made in favour of computer as an effective teaching and learning mode is that it develops an open-ended exploratory experiences in the students based on its ability to stimulate constructivist's philosophy to learning. This paper principally focuses on the benefits and process of computer integration into the Fine Arts curriculum in both tertiary and secondary schools. It also presents a computer integration model, which can be adopted. The positions taken in this paper thus guide the recommendations provided.
Open Access
Planning for Recreational Activities in Calabar City Centre
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1984) Ukene, Daniel; Barbero, A. S.
Planning for recreational activities does not seem to be receiving serious attention from Policy makers in Nigeria. Although the Nigerian economy is currently undergoing serious crises, this should not affect planning for recreational activities. Intact, it has been observed that recreation has always constituted an important part of people's lives: in history no matter their level of poverty. This thesis is aimed at raising the awareness. of the community decision makers and the people generally of the importance of having and organising recreational activities in Calabar City Centre. It is observed in the analysis that the Cross River State Government and the Calabar Municipal Council have only paid lip-service to the recreational needs of the city Centre dwellers. The proposals put forward are derived from the study of the existing deficiencies and anticipated future recreational needs of the people in the case study area. The proposals have been so drawn as to be within the reach of the financial capability of the people. They have also been designed to respect their socio--cultural background and be of physical and Psychological benefit to the individuals. The successful implementation of the proposals put forward calls for a high degree of co-ordination to ensure that the right amount of resources is available at the right time and in the right place.
Open Access
Planning for Recreational Activities in Calabar City Centre
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1984) Ukene, Daniel; Barbero, A. S.
Planning for recreational activities does not seem to be receiving serious attention from Policy makers in Nigeria. Although the Nigerian economy is currently undergoing serious crises, this should not affect planning for recreational activities. Intact, it has been observed that recreation has always constituted an important part of people's lives: in history no matter their level of poverty. This thesis is aimed at raising the awareness. of the community decision makers and the people generally of the importance of having and organising recreational activities in Calabar City Centre. It is observed in the analysis that the Cross River State Government and the Calabar Municipal Council have only paid lip-service to the recreational needs of the city Centre dwellers. The proposals put forward are derived from the study of the existing deficiencies and anticipated future recreational needs of the people in the case study area. The proposals have been so drawn as to be within the reach of the financial capability of the people. They have also been designed to respect their socio--cultural background and be of physical and Psychological benefit to the individuals. The successful implementation of the proposals put forward calls for a high degree of co-ordination to ensure that the right amount of resources is available at the right time and in the right place.
Open Access
Provision of Infracstructure as a Strategy towards Rural Development: A Comparative Analysis of Gbongan, Akiriboto, Osu and Ibodi
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1985) Akeredolu, Oluwapelumi Kolawole; Okewole, I.A.
This study examines the impact of the provision of infrastructure in the socio-economic development of rural areas. The study attempt to test the proposition that the degree of development has a positive relationship with the level of provision of infrastructure. The study focuses on Gbongan, Akiriboto, Osu and Ibodi in Oyo State of Nigeria. Original survey materials and secondary data were used to show that the degree of development in the rural areas is a function of the provision of such infrastructures as transport, communications and power as well as agricultural and health services. The policy implications of the findings were considered in the concluding sections of the thesis. Further, it is the contention of the thesis that Government interventions in rural development should therefore revolve round the provision of infrastructures that will enhance agricultural development and communal level of living' in order to stem rural-urban migration.
Open Access
Regional Impacts of Small Scale Industrial Enterprises in Akoko Region of Ondo State
(2015-09-29) Fatusin, A. F.; Olayiwola, L. M.
The study examined the regional planning effects of small scale industrial enterprises in Akoko region of Ondo State. It had the objectives of identifying the types, and pattern of distribution, evaluate the socio-economic characteristics of stakeholders, and assess the socio-economic and environmental effects of this industrial sub-sector on its immediate environment. In order to collect data for the study Ikare, Akungba and Iboropa were purposively selected to represent major towns, minor towns and major villages in the region. Primary data were collected through the' use of four sets of questionnaires administered on proprietors, employees, customers and residents living in the immediate environment of the industries. By using systematic random sampling, two hundred and four (204) firms representing 50% of industries in the three settlements were selected for investigation. Consequently, two hundred and four (204) proprietors were interviewed using the first set of questionnaires. The second set of questionnaires was administered on two workers also purposively sampled per firm, to give a sample size of 480 workers. The third set of questionnaire was administered on two major customers who were purposively selected in each of the sampled enterprises, to make a total of 408 customers. The last set of 204 questionnaires was administered on one household head of the closest residential buildings to the already sampled small enterprises. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Nearest Neighbour Index and factor analysis as appropriate. The findings of the study revealed that informal enterprises account for 88.2% of all the enterprises in the region. The study also established variation in the spatial distribution of industries in the region. For example while the Rn (Nearest Neighbour Index) of these enterprises in Ikare was 1.65 indicating random distribution, the Rn value for Akungba was 1.88, which is dispersed but tending towards regularity. The Rn value for Iboropa is 1.5 which is clearly random. However, the application of t-test to compare the distributional patterns of formal and informal enterprises revealed that there is no significant difference in the distributional patterns of the two classes of industries since t = 0.043 and (P>0.05). The application of factor analysis revealed that nearness to sources of raw materials, power, market and access to land were the most important factors in the location of small enterprises since eigen values of these locational factors (1.95, 1.15, 1.07 and 1.06) were more than 1.00. The study also established the overriding dominance of males as factory owners (74.50%), as workers (64%) and as distributors (53.2%). Moreover, the study revealed significant backward and forward linkages (84%) but low vertical linkage (27%) among small enterprises. The study concluded by establishing the indispensability of small scale industrial enterprises as a tool of comprehensive regional development.
Open Access
The Renewal of Deteriorating Urban Centre: A Case Study of Sagamu Core Area.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1984) Sokoya, Jubril Temiyemi; Okewole, I.A.
The study embraces the structural nature of the obsolescence of Sagamu core area, the physical and socio-cultural characteristics, facilities and services available in arriving at the means of reactivating the area. The techniques employed in the collection of socio-economic and physical data include the direct observation of the present situation, Questionnaire and interviews with the people to assess the land use pattern, age and conditions of buildings environmental sanitation and the traffic conditions. Efforts were also made to find out the opinions of the people about the environmental conditions of their area. The survey analyses showed that factors responsible for the continuous deterioration of the study area include inadequate community facilities and services such as public faucets, refuse collection centres, fire hydrants, parking spaces; conflicting land uses: poor maintenance of buildings; poor and narrow roads badly designed and excessively narrow road junctions, and unhygienic environmental conditions due to indiscriminate disposal of refuse. Consequently, proposals were made for the future improvements of the area under study based on the survey findings by recommending the rehabilitation of dilapidated dwellings and infrastructures and providing new services where such are inadequate or absent. Finally, it has been proposed that there should be administrative, financial and legal tools for the implementation of the proposed plan.
Open Access
Some Illusions of Urban/Industrial Paradigm of Development
(Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 1999-07-13) Ighalo, J. I.
The main objective of this lecture, therefore, is to test the validity of the "trickle down" or "spread effect" notion embodied in the urban industrial paradigm of regional development by 'examining empirically the developmental impact of urban/industrial concentration on backward rural regions . This lecture focuses on urban industrial centres of Benin City, Warri and Sapele in the Old Bendel State, Nigeria (Now Edo and Delta States). The Old Bendel State provides a suitable test bed for examining the impact on backward rural regions of urban industrial concentration because these three urban industrial centres have witnessed considerable industrial growth in recent years. Warri and Sapele are national ports while Benin City was the administrative Capital of the old Bendel State. It is thus possible to contrast and compare the spatial impacts in more than one urban centre.

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