Department of Botany

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Open Access
Acidification Potential in the Nigerian Environment
(1988) Isichei, Augustine O.; Akeredolu, Funso
The inability of developing countries to tackle pollution problems for economic reasons is a fact of life. In addition, due to the lack of knowledge in Nigeria about the environment, it is difficult to ascribe environmental changes to particular factors. Therefore, in viewing acidification caused by sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in Nigeria, the first problem is to identify the relationship between acidification and prevailing economic activities based on the experience of the developed world.
Open Access
African Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories and Mitigation Options: Forestry, Land-Use Change, and Agriculture
(Kluwer, 1995) Braatz, B. V.; Brown, S.; Isichei, A. O.; Odada, E. O.; Scholes, R. J.; Sokona, Y.; Drichi, P.; Gastonz, G.; Delmas, R.; Holmes, R.; Amous, S.; Muyungi, R. S.; De Jode, A.; Gibbs, M.
Human-induced change in the composition of the atmosphere seriously threatens the global climate. In an effort to address this threat, 161 nations signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. The ultimate objective of this international agreement is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. As of the first session of the Conference of the Parties (March/April 1995), 128 nations had ratified the Convention. Parties to the Convention commit to numerous obligations, including commitments to: develop national inventories of anthropogenic emission using agreed, comparable methodologies; and to formulate and implement national programs containing measures to mitigate, and to facilitate adaptation to, climate change. Several bilateral and multilateral programs, including the United States Country Studies Program (U.S. CSP) and the United Nations Environment Programme/Global Environment Facility Country Case Studies Project (UNEP) have been established to provide technical and financial assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition in meeting their commitments under the Convention.
Open Access
Allelopathic Effects of Ludwigia decurrens and L.adscendens Subsp. Diffusa on Germination, Seedling Growth and Yield of Corchorus Olitorious L.
(Academic Press, 2010) Sakpere, Ayobola Moninuola; Oziegbe, Matthew; Bilesanmi, Idowu Arinola
This study examined the allelopathic effect of Ludwigia decurrens and L.adscendens exudates on germination, seedling growth (hypocotyl and radicle elongation), seedling mortality vegetative growth and reproductive yield of Corchorus olitorious. Ludwigia decurrens, L. adscendens exudates and tap water (control) were applied to seeds of Corchorus olitorious over a period of 15 days and to 3 weeks old seedling for a period of 4 weeks. Ludwigia exudates had no inhibitory effect on the germination percentage of C. olitorious, but the exudates from the two Ludwigia spp. Induced mortality rate of the 15 day old seedlings (control: 5.00%, L. decurrens: 17.50%, L. adscendens: 26.88%) and a significant decrease in seedling elongation (hypocotyls and radicle length) of C. olitorious. For the vegetative growth experiment, results showed that the stem length, stem fresh weight and leaf area of C.olitorious were significantly inhibited during week 6 (P < 0.05) by L. decurrens and L. adscendens exudates. For reproductive yield experiment, number of pods per plant was significantly reduced on week. The high percentage mortality rate observed in seedlings might be an important factor in reducing seedling survival of Corchorus olitorious in habitats where the two Ludwigia spp are dominant.
Open Access
An Analysis of Vegetation as a Resource in South-Eastern Nigeria
(1993) Akobundu, I. O. [et al.]
A long-term study was initiated in 1988 in two fallow systems: a planted Dactyladenia (Acioa) barteri system at Mbaise and a natural bush fallow at Umuahia in south-eastern Nigeria. The planted fallow systems consisted of rows of D. barteri spaced 2m apart and lengths of fallow periods ranged from 1 to 3 years. The natural bush fallow periods ranged from 1 to 5 years old. Analysis of the natural bush fallow showed that Dactyladenia barteri, Anthonotha macrophylla and Dialium guineense dominated the vegetation. Stems with a girth of over 20cm contributed most to the stem basal area in the natural bush fallow in all fallow periods. In the planted fallow, a stem basal area of 20 m2/ha was observed only in the 3-year-old fallow. Girth class distribution in the D. barteri field after the second year of fallow was more uniform than in the natural fallow, indicating less interference with the vegetation in the former. For the same fallow length, the amount of litter produced and the nutrient composition were identical in the two systems. Soil analysis showed that pH, soil organic C and total N content in the soil under planted fallow did not change, but extractable P increased with fallow length. The authors concluded that the two fallows systems are potential means of restoring soil fertility through litterfall and pruning application.
Open Access
Antioxidant Activities and Food Value of Five Underutilized Green Leafy Vegetables in South Western Nigeria
(Nigerian Journal of Nutritional Sciences, 2011) Oloyede, F. M; Oloyede, F. A; Obuotor, E. M; Ibironke, S. I.
Objectives: To determine the food value and antioxidant activities of five underutilized leafy vegetables namely: Bidens pilosa L.-Beggar's ticks/ Cobbler's peg; Celosia trigna L.- Woolflower; Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth) S. Moore – Fireweed/redflower ragleaf; Launaea taracifolia (L.) Cars- Wide lettuce and Solanun nigrum L. - Black Nightshade/sun berry. Materials and methods: Fresh shoots of the five vegetables were collected from the wild, cleaned and milled. Food values which include proximate, minerals, and vitamin C contents were analyzed following the routine chemical analytical methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect and phenolic compounds concentrations of the plants extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The antioxidant activities and nutrient contents of the five vegetables showed variable trends and considerable high values. Across the vegetables, antioxidant activities ranged from 67.2% (L. taracifolia) to 91.8% (B. pilosa) at a concentration of 1mg/ml of the extracted material. The total phenol contents were between 5953.5k1.5 and 10193.5+0.5 mgi100g. The flavonoid contents varieg from 3438±1.00 to 4974±1.00 mg/100g. Anthocyanin content in mg/100g ranged from 0.385±0.005 to 5.065±0.015 while Proanthocyanidin content varied from 0.125±0.05 to 2.050±0.15 in the extract powder. Crude protein values ranged from 3.5 to 9.16g/100g, Carbohydrate contents varied from 1.09 to 9.43g/100g while ascorbic acid(Vitamin C) compositions ranged from 27.2 to 87.3 mgI100g. Ca content ranges from 31.23 to 54.90 mg/100g, while Fe content varied from 21.25 to 139.75 mg/100g. Conclusion: The vegetables contained appreciable quantities of protein, iron, calcium and vitamin C. The antioxidant activities and phenolic antioxidant contents of the vegetables were also high. The health claims associated with some of these food values and bioactive compounds are noteworthy, thereby underlining the potential role of these underutilized vegetables as functional foods.
Open Access
Application of Numerical Taxonomy to Lip Morphology in the Genus Polystachya Hook (Orchidaceae) in Nigeria
(2009) Folorunso, Abayomi Ezekiel; Jayeola, Adeniyi Akanni
SCLA, a numerical taxonomic method was applied to lip morphology in the genus Polystachya Hook (Orchidaceae) in Nigeria. The basic data matrix was prepared by coding for the presence or absence of the attributes of characters involved. The data were standardized so that the values of a particular character were transformed into values ranging from zero to one. The SCLA showed that the reproductive characters are much better than the vegetative characters earlier used in distribution of Polystachya species into their sections. In the case of reproductive characters, more clusters were reported; this may be an indication of more sections in Polystachya than those earlier reported.
Open Access
Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development: Ecological Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity in Nigeria
(Nigerian National Committee for Man and the Biosphere (MAB), 1996) lsichei, Augustine O.
The ecosystem comprises the biological' community together with its physical environment. Ecological energetics and nutrient dynamics depend on fluxes between living and non- living components of ecosystems. Ecosystem may thus be viewed as the next higher level of organization of living, things but they are not necessarily different from communities since no community can be studied in isolation from its physical environment.
Open Access
Biomonitoring of environmental pollution in the vicinity of iron and steel smelters in southwestern Nigeria using transplanted lichens and mosses
(2019-10) Olise, Felix; Tunde, Ogundele Lasun; Olajire, Mudasiru A.; Oyediran, K. Owoade
This study identified specific emission sources of atmospheric pollution in the vicinity of two secondary iron and steel smelting factories in Osun state, southwestern Nigeria, using transplanted biomonitors. A total of 120 biomonitors consisting of lichen and moss were grown under a controlled environment and later transplanted to the surroundings of each factory for monitoring of air pollutants for 3 months in both wet and dry seasons. The elemental contents (K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb and Sr) of the biomonitors were determined by X-ray florescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The source identification was performed by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor modelling approach using the elemental data set from the two smelters. Among the measured elements, Fe had the highest average concentration in the lichen and moss samples as well as in both seasons. The average concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Br were low. The varying average elemental concentrations of lichen and moss reflect the pattern of impact of smelting on atmospheric airborne pollution around the factories. The four factors resolved by PMF and their respective contributions were metal processing (39.0%), Fe source (28.0%), crustal/soil (22.0%) and road dust (11.0%) for moss and Fe source (34.0%), crustal/soil (26.0%), coal combustion (25.0%) and road dust (15.0%) for lichen. The study showcases lichen and moss as cheaper and yet efficient uninterrupted monitoring tools of air pollution sources associated with iron and steel smelting industrial activities.
Open Access
Biosystematic Studies in Annonaceae I. Vegetative and Floral Morphological Studies of Some Species of Annona in Nigeria
(2006) Folorunso, A. E.; Olorode, O.
A morphological study of four species of Annona found in Nigeria and characterized as important under-utilized species was conducted in search of intrageneric characters which may be of taxonomic value in the identification and classification of the genus. Life plants, fruits, flowers and seeds were studied form mature plants in the experimental garden. Both qualitative and quantitative characters were recorded. Additional morphological characters of taxonomic value are eucamptodromous venation, inflated petiole, chasmogamous flower and distichous phyllotaxy.
Open Access
Biosystematic Studies in Annonaceae II Vegetative and Floral Morphological Studies of Some Genera of Annonaceae in Nigeria
(2008) Folorunso, A. E.; Olorode, O.
A vegetative and floral morphological study of the species of Annonaceae found in Nigeria was conducted in search of intergeneric characters that may be of taxonomic value in the identification and classification of the species. Life plants, fruits, flowers and seeds were studied from mature plants in the experimental garden. Both qualitative and quantitative characters were recorded. The intergeneric relationships among and between the species of Annonaceae were reported and similarly, additional features that may be of taxonomic value in the classification and identification in the family and apocarpy, syncarpy phyllotaxy, monopody, sympody, fruit type and fruit shape have been provided.
Open Access
Biosystematic Studies of some Species of the Tribe Cichorieae (Asteraceae) in Nigeria.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1987) Adegbite, Emman Adegoke; Olorode, O.
Five herbaceous species belonging to four genera of the tribe Cichorieae (Asteraceac) were characterised morphologically and cytologically. The species are Latuca capensis Thunb., Lactuca sativa Linn., Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd) Amin. ex C. Jeffrey, Picris humilis EC and Sonchus oleraceus Linn. The work is aimed at investigating the basis of intra-and inter-specific as well as intra-and inter-generic differences occurring among the species. It is envisaged that both the genetic and environmental components of the morphological differences among the species of the tribe could serve as a clue to the evolutionary relationship of the species. The plants and fruits (achenes) collected from different parts of Nigeria were transplanted or raised from achenes in the screen house to maturity. They were subjected to morphological, cytological (mitotic and meiotic), fertility (using pollen) and leaf anatomical studies. All the species with the exception of L. sativa (cultivated lettuce) are weeds. L. capensis, P. humilis and L. taraxacifolia are perennated by rootstocks and rhizomes, while L. sativa and S. oleraceus are annuals. The intra-specific and inter-specific variability of measured morphological attributes emphasises plastic responses to environmental conditions which characterizes weedy and colonizing species. The close resemblance between P.humilis and L. capensis, their ecological association and the general occurrence of characteristics that are diagnostic of the tribe in all the species suggest some genetic relationship and possibility of inter-generic and inter-specific hybridization among the species of the tribe. The persistence of intra-specific morphological differences in the species collected from different locations when raised under the same conditions implicates the genetic basis of some variations. Mitotic and meiotic chromosime studies corroborate previous observations on chromosome numbers for all the species. L. sativa, P. humilis and L. taraxacifolia have n=9 (2n=18) chromosomes, while L. capensis and S. oleraceus have n=8 (2n=16) and n=16 (2n=32) chromosomes respectively. Meiotic studies reveal normal formation of bivalents, though occasional multivalent associations at diplonema were recorded in L. sativa and L. taraxacifolia. From karyotype studies, the species were assigned karyotypic formulae which indicate numbers, size and centromere position of the chromosomes, L. capensis, 8Cnm; L. sativa, 3A nsm(-) + 3B nsm(-) =3Bnm: L. traxacifolia, 5bnm + 4Cnm; P. humilis, 1Anm + 8Bnm; and S. oleraceus, 2Cm + 14Cnm. The close genetic identity of the species can also be seen in the close pollen size, shape and sculpture. Occurrence of four germ pores on pollens of S. oleraceus underscores the probability that it is a polyloid. Pollen colour corresponds to the colour of the ligule, indicating that the same gene may condition both ligule colour and pollen colour. All the species showed high pollen fertility and anomocytic stomatal tyre.
Open Access
Callus Initiation and Plant Regeneration of Caladium Bicolor (AITON) Vent: By in Vitro C ulture
(2005) Sakpere, A. M. A.; Adebona, A. C.
A method for the direct plant regeneration of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent is described. Callus was induced from corm and leaf explants of C. bicolor on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.8 mg/L2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in combination with 1mg/l kinetin. The callus which was white arid compact was scanty and shortlived. Rootlets and shootlets were generated on corm explants inoculated on medium supplemented with kinetin and NAA as well as various concentrations of 2,4-D. Corm and leaf explants had a 50 % response each to all the concentrations of 2.4-D used. More callus was induced from leaf explants than from petiole or corm explants.
Open Access
Changes in a secondary forest in southwestern Nigeria following a ground fire
(1986) Isichei, Augustine O.; Ekeleme, Friday; Jimoh, Bakare A.
In January 1983, two 50 m x 50 m rain forest plots in the University of Ife campus in southwestern Nigeria were demarcated for a baseline study of species composition, litterfall and tree girth increments. By accident, a severe ground fire burnt one of the plots on 31 January, barely two weeks after litter traps had been set and species listing and fist girth measurements completed. The effect of this fire was assessed in the burnt plot after 14 months, in April 1984. The fire affected small trees especially, and there were indications that some species were more sensitive than others. Manihot glaziovii, which was present in the plot and abundant in its vicinity before the fire showed a big increase in density after the fire because it was able to germinate in the openings created by the fie. These observations were related to succession, and it is concluded that the observation by some workers that the initial composition of a regrowth forest may be partly predicted from a knowledge of the seed bank in the soil may be applicable in the present case.
Open Access
Characterization of the Forest Types of the University of Ife Campus.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1986) Chukwuka, Kanayo Stephen; Isichei, A. O.
The rainforest in the University of Ife was characterized by species enumeration and girth measurements, and by attributes derived from these measurements in 17 sample plots. The seventeen plots were located around one of the three hills on the campus, Hill 1, a general uniformity in species composition was observed for all the plots studied with the exception of those on the hill top where Brachystegia eurycoma was found to be dominant and, at times slopes which differed in species composition. The Shannon-Weiner species diversity index for all the plots was in the range 1.88-3.36. Dominance by Manihot glaziovii and Funtumia elastics were, however, observed in two plots. Plots ordination based on species showed plots on the hill top and slopes to be floristically different from those on the flat and gentle surfaces, while the species attributes ordination based on the plots showed that species diversity index, and basal area of species were more important in characterizing the sample plots. The stem girth distribution was generally found in the 11-20cm girth class with the exception of three plots. Two of the plots have high number of big trees in the > 120cm girth class while one has the highest number of stems in the 21-30cm girth class. These observations were discussed in relation to past land use in the area. The nature of succession of these plots was assessed by a modification of Horn's (1975) Markovian change. The application of this model was, however, found not to be satisfactory in assessing the succession of the sampled plots because it showed that regrowth species such as Microdesmis puberula and Napoleons vogelii will form the next generation canopy.
Open Access
Chemical Composition of a Tropical Fern Ceratoptelus Cornlita (Parkeriaceae, Pteridophyta) in Nigeria
(2010) Oloyede, F. A.; Oloyede, F. M.; Saliu, T. L.; Ogunwole, A. A.
Extracts from some fern species have been found to be useful in fortifying livestock and fish feeds to enhance production especially in peasant communities. The chemical composition of Ceratoptc.ris cornzltn has not been documented insNigeria. This study was thus designed to determine its suitability for use in fortifying fish feed by analysing the nutrient and anti-nutrient contents of its dimorphic fronds separately. One kg of sterile and fertile fronds of C.cornuta were collected, washed using distilled water and oven dried at 40 OC for about 96 hours. The dried samples were milled and analysed for proximate minerals, cyanide and oxalate analyses in triplicates. Results of the nutrient and anti-nutrient analyses show that both the sterile and the fertile fronds of C. cornuta can be used in aquaculture. The crude protein (4.22-5.28 g/100 g), moisture (87-91.00 g/100 g), carbohydrate (3.12-7.40 g/100 g), magnesium (23.55-194.65 mg/100 g), calcium (0.03 mg/100 g), potassium (0.17 mg/100 g), sodium (0.17 mg/100 g), silver (50.0 mg/100 g), cobalt (3.75-4.45 mg/100 g), lead (53.5-172.5 mg/100 g), copper (60.45-61.0 mg/100 g), manganese (15.65 mg/100 g), arsenium (50 mg/100 g), cadmium (3.75-4.50 rng/100 g), iron (430.00-537.45 mg/100 g) and selenium (106.83-195.45 mg(100 g) contents are considerably high. The anti-nutritional oxalate (0.861.38 mg/100 g) and cyanide (0.88-1.16 mg/100 g) are low and fall within the safe and acceptable limits as recommended by the World Health Organisation. Thus, extract from these fronds can be incorporated into livestocks and fish meals.
Open Access
Comparative Foliar Anatomical And Morphological Studies of Nephrolepis Biserrata (Swartz) Scott And N. Undulata ( Swartz) J.SM. in Nigeria
(Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), 2011) Oloyede, F. A.; Akomolafe, F. G.; Oladipo, O . T.
The foliar anatomy and morphology of Nephrolepis biserrata and Nephrolepis undulata were investigated. The aim of which is to elucidate their taxonomic knowledge with the use of both foliar anatomical and morphological characteristics that exist between them. The anatomical studies carried out include shape and size of the epidermal cell, venation patterns, stomata type and distribution. One way analysis of variance was used to show whether the two taxa are significantly different. The results of anatomical similarities in the adaxial surfaces of their leaflets were sinuous, anticlinal walls, absence of stomata and trichome, epidennal cells are irregular in shape and variable in sizes. On their abaxial surfaces, epidermal cells are irregular in shapes and variable in sizes, stomata present, predominantly diacytic and anomocytic types with elliptic shapes, thin and wavy anticlinal wall. Anatomical differences include length and width of epidermal cells, absence or presence and distribution of crystal sands, thickness of anticlinal walls on the adaxial surfaces, stomata Index and frequency, length and breadth of guard cell and guard cell area. The venation patterns showed that the mid-rib is sheathed with parenchyma cells and trichome types were observed in N. biserrata but absent in N. undulata. The distinguishing characters of the two taxa studied are of taxonomic value and can be used to identify and delimit each species and thus widen the scope of their taxonomic knowledge.
Open Access
Comparative Foliar Anatomy of Ten Species in the Genus Hibiscus Linn. in Nigeria
(2004) Adedeji, O.; Illoh, H. C.
The foliar anatomy of ten species of Hibiscus in Nigeria is described. The distinguishing characters of taxonomic value include the variation in the shapes of petioles in the proximal region, the variation in the number and arrangement of the vascular bundles, presence or absence of medullary bundles in the pith at the distal end of the petiole, types of trichomes on the lamina and petioles and presence or absence of cuticular striations on the epidermal surfaces. Druses of calcium oxalate crystals occur generally in the genus, however, occurrence, distribution and quantity of these crystals is quite diagnostic on the adaxial and abaxial epidermal surfaces of H. rostellatus.
Open Access
Comparative Foliar Epidermal Studies in Andropogon Gayanus (Kunth) and Andropogon tectorum (Schum & Thonns) in Nigeria
(2009) Folorunso, Abayomi Ezekiel; Olaniyan, Ojuolape Funmilola
The foliar epidermal studies were carried out on Andropogon gayanus and Andropogon tectorum with the aim of determining the patterns of variation in their epidermal characteristics and assessing their value in species identification and classification. Adaptive and endemic characters that may be useful in the identification of the savanna species (A. gayanus) are long cells longer in length and width; straight anticlinal wall. Typical characters of the genus are important in the identification and classification of the genus; these are cell wall largely thick and straight, stomata amphistomatic, papillae largely numerous and uniform in size.
Open Access
Comparative Foliar Epidermal Studies in Cymbopogon Citratus (Stapf.) and Cymbopogon Giganteus (Hochst.) Chiov. in Nigeria
(2007) Folorunso, A. E; Oyetunji, O. A.
The foliar epidermal studies were carried out on Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon giganteus with the aim of determining the patterns of variation in their epidermal characteristics and assessing their value in species identification and classification. The characters of diagnostic importance in the identification on C. citratus are the micro hairs, which are sparsely distributed in the adaxial epidermis and prickle hairs present in both abaxial and adaxial epidermis. The diagnostic character for C. giganteus is the papillae seen alongside their long cells.
Open Access
Comparative Studies of Physico-biochemical Parameters in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench and A. moschatus (Moench)
(2006) Adelusi, A. A.; Makinde, A. M.; Folorunso, A. E.
Morphological features and nutritional composition were investigated in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench and A. moschatus (Moench). The seedlings, raised naturally on the field in sandy loam soil were analysed for height, length of petiole, length and breadth of leaves, number of leaves per plant, number of buds and the fruits produced. Proximate analysis was also carried out to determine the chemical composition of the leaves as well as the fruits. The two okra species share similar attributes. Number of buds were positively correlated with fruit yield in A. esculentus. The basal portions of the fruit of both species are rich in carbohydrates and fibers. The leaves are rich in fats and crude protein.

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