Department of Microbiology-Journal Articles

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    Open Access
    Effects of different substrates on the morphological characteristics and proximate content of Pleurotus pulminarius. Food Science and Quality Management
    (international journal of proximate content of Pleurotus pulminarius, 2014-10) Bakare, Mufutau Kolawole; A. O., Oluduro; Omoboye, Olumide; Leramo, Adefemi Joseph
    Morphological characteristics and proximate content of Pleurotus pulminarius cultivated on different substrates were investigated. The substrates used are cotton waste, sawdust, palm fruit waste, paper, mixture of sawdust and palm fruit waste and mixture of cotton waste and paper (1:1) were sterilized and inoculated with Pleurotus pulminarius spawn (sorghum-produced) aseptically, incubated under controlled temperature and humidity before exposure to sunlight. Length and, diameter of stalk and pileus were measured during stages of harvest.Protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fibre, ash and moisture content were determined by standard methods. Pleurotus pulminarius appeared on saw dust and cotton waste; paper, combination of saw dust and palm fruit waste, mixture of paper and cotton waste; and palm fruit waste after 2 days, 3 days and 5 days respectively. For the first stage of harvest, Saw dust had the highest length of stalk (cm) of 5.40 ± 0.63 and the lowest value of2.70 ± 0.14 was obtained from palm fruit waste only. Mixture of paper waste and cotton waste has the highest diameter of stalk (3.25 ± 0.61 cm) (second harvest), the lowest diameter of stalk (0.4 ± 0.1 cm) was recorded for palm fruit (third harvest). Cotton waste had the highest diameter of pileus (7.88 ± 1.29 cm) (first harvest) while the lowest value (1.78 ± 0.63 cm) was obtained from mushroom harvested on the mixture of paper and cotton waste (second harvest). Pleurotus pulminarius harvested on mixture of paper and cotton waste has the highest percentage protein of 40.54% while the least value 28.79% protein was obtained from mushroom harvested on saw dust. Mushroom harvested on saw dust has the highest percentage fat content of 0.99% and palm fruit waste gave the lowest percentage fat of 0.74%. Palm fruit waste displayed the highest percentage ash and crude fibre contents of 4.38% and 4.81% respectively while cotton and paper wastes had the least ash and crude fibre content of 1.81% and 0.47% respectively. Saw dust gave the highest percentage carbohydrate of 62.54%. Moisture content of 0.51% was obtained for mushrooms harvested on Palm fruit waste, Sawdust and mixture of sawdust and palm fruit waste as the least value while the mixture of paper and cotton waste has the highest moisture content of 3.49%. The study concluded that mushroom can serve as cheap source of food supplements such as protein, crude fibre, ash (micro and macro nutrients), fat, carbohydrate and moisture with beneficial bioconversion of agricultural and other wastes materials in the environment
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    Open Access
    Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis D virus circulating in Southwestern Nigeria
    (Virology Journal, 2016-12) Opaleye, Oluyinka Oladele; Japhet, Margaret Oluwatoyin; Adewumi, Moses Olubusuyi; Omoruyi, Ewean Chukwuma
    Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. Whereas it is known that HBV infection is endemic in Nigeria, there is only little data about HDV prevalence available. Here, we assessed the HDV seroprevalence and determined the HDV and HBV genotypes distribution among HBsAg positive individuals in Southwestern Nigeria. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 188 serum samples from HBsAg positive outpatients recruited at four tertiary hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria. Anti-HDV antibodies were detected by ELISA while HDV-RNA was detected by RT-PCR. Sequencing followed by phylogenetic analyses and HBV genotype-specific PCR were used to characterize HDV and HBV genotypes, respectively. Results Out of 188 HBsAg positive serum samples, 17 (9 %) showed detectable HDV-RNA. Anti-HDV antibodies test was possible from 103 samples and were observed in 4.9 % (5/103) patients. There was no significant difference in HDV prevalence between four main cities across the country. 64.7 % of HDV-RNA positive samples were from males and 35.3 % from females (P < 0.05). No significant associations were observed with regard to HDV seroprevalence and available demographic factors. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a predominance of HDV genotype 1 and HBV genotype E among the HDV-RNA/HBsAg positive patients. Conclusions In conclusion, our study showed a high prevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg carriers and the predominance of HDV genotype 1 infection in Nigerian HBV endemic region. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the relevance of HDV/HBV co-infection and circulating genotypes
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    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for thisCandida colonization of the vagina of HIV-seropositive pregnant women and their seronegative counterparts at selected health-care centers in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
    (  Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2017-02-07) Ebhodaghe, Blessing Itohan; Ako-Nai, Kwashie Ajibade; Aderoba, Adeniyi; Anderson, Winston A; Kassem, Olakunle O.
    Background: Candida colonization of the vagina is a risk factor in pregnancy. Candida isolates have been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes. The study determined the incidence of Candida species recovered from the vagina of HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative pregnant women that attended antenatal clinics in Akure, Ondo State between November 2014 and December 2015. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty pregnant women aged 19–43 participated in the study, which included 114 HIV-seropositive subjects with mean age 31.81 years and 126 HIV-seronegative subjects with mean age 29.05 years as controls. High vaginal swab was collected from each subject using sterile cotton-tipped applicator, streaked onto Mycological Agar - supplemented with streptomycin. Each sample was incubated 24 h for yeast and 72–120 h for the growth of molds. Yeast colonies that grew on Mycological Agar were picked and studied. Thereafter, colonies resembling Candida were identified using sugar assimilation and fermentation. Candida isolates were further speciated using Candida Ident Agar, modified. Antifungal resistance profile was identified with azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, flucytosine, and griseofulvin drugs. Antifungal resistant assay was determined by disc and agar well diffusion. Results: Altogether, 157 Candida isolates were recovered from HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative subjects. Candida albicans constituted 46.5%, Candida dubliniensis and Candida glabrata 15.3% each, Candida krusei 12.1%, Candida spp. 5.7%, and Candida tropicalis and Candida pseudotropicalis 2.5% each. Antifungal resistance was widespread with azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, flucytosine, and griseofulvin. Conclusion: C. albicans was the predominant isolate recovered (17.2% HIV-seropositive and 29.3% HIV-seronegative subjects). Widespread antifungal resistance seems high and suggests possible abuse of these drugs.
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    An assessment on DNA microarray and sequence-based methods for the characterization of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from Nigeria
    (  Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015-10-20) Shittu, Adebayo O; Oyedara, Omotayo; Onko, Kenneth; Raji, Adeola; Peters, Georg; Müller, Lutz von; Schaumburg, Frieder; Herrmann, Mathias; Ruffing, Ulla
    Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections worldwide. In the characterization of this opportunistic pathogen, DNA microarray hybridization technique is used as an alternative to sequence based genotyping to obtain a comprehensive assessment on the virulence, resistance determinants, and population structure. The objective of this study was to characterize a defined collection of S. aureus isolates from Nigeria using the microarray technique, and to assess the extent that it correlates with sequence-based genotyping methods. The clonal diversity and genomic content of 52 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)wereinvestigatedby spa typing,MLSTandDNAmicroarrayhybridization. More than half (55.8%) of these isolates were associated with clonal complexes (CCs) typically associated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clones i.e., CC1, CC5, CC8,CC30,andCC45.Certaingeneslinkedwithvirulence(hlgAandclfA)andadherence (ebpS, fnbA, sspA, sspB, and sspP) were detected in all isolates. A number of genes or gene clusters were associated with distinct clonal types. The enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) was linked with CC5, CC25, CC30, CC45, and CC121, enterotoxin H gene (seh) with CC1, exfoliative toxin D gene (etd) with CC25 and CC80, and the epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor B gene (edinB) with CC25, CC80, and CC152. The excellent agreement between data from DNA microarray and MLST in the delineation of Nigerian MSSA isolates indicates that the microarray technique is a useful tool to provide information on antibiotic resistance, clonal diversity and virulence factors associated with infection and disease.
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    EFFICACY OF SAND FILTRATION, Moringa oleifera SEED AND ALUM TREATMENT IN REDUCTION OF COLIFORMS AND TOTAL BACTERIA IN STABILIZATION POND EFFLUENT
    (Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, 2016-12-29) Babatunde A, Awopetu; Ikechuwkw, Moses; Odeyemi, Olu
    Objectives A slow sand filter was designed and constructed with decreasing sizes of sand layers. Granulations were made out of the seeds of Moringa oleifera. Their turbidity clarification, coliform and total bacteria reduction were tested. Their abilities to reduce the densities of Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli in waste water were also tested. Coliform number reduction was 78% by sand filtration, 78% alum treatment and 98% by M. oleifera ground seed treatment. The sand filter reduced total bacteria population by 4%, alum and M. oleifera treatments by 33% and 84% respectively. There was a 12% reduction in Shigella dysenteriae numbers by the slow sand filter, 57% reduction by alum and 76% reduction Moringa oleifera treatment. Sand filtration reduced Salmonella typhi population by 29%, alum and Moringa oleifera treatments did so by 43% and 71% respectively. Escherichia coli numbers were reduced by 10% by sand filtration, 27% by alum treatment and 56% by M. oleifera treatment. Bacillus cereus population was reduced by 9% by both sand filtration and alum treatment while Moringa oleifera application gave a 32% reduction. M. oleifera ground seed treatment was the best at coliform population reduction (98% reduction) of the three treatments. Sand filtration and alum treatment were found to be equal in coliform reduction rate since they both reduced coliform numbers by 78%. M. oleifera treatment was the most efficient in total bacteria population reduction, with an 84% reduction rate. Slow sand filtration was most effective on S. typhi (29% reduction) of the four organisms tested