Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of the ethanol extract of solanum erianthum d. Don root in wistar rats
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Date
2022
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Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Abstract
This study determined the median lethal dose (LD50) of the ethanol extract of Solanum erianthum root (SER) in Wistar rats. It also evaluated the effects of the graded doses of SER on haematologic and biochemical indices of the rats as well as determined its effects on the histoarchitectures of the brain, liver and kidney following 28-day repeated dosing and recovery studies. This was with a view to providing scientific information on the toxicity profile of SER.
Solanum erianthum root was air dried under shade, pulverized, extracted with 70% ethanol for 72 hr, and the filtrate concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator. The LD50 of SER was determined using Lorke’s method. The sub-acute toxicity study was conducted following the OECD 407 guideline. Wistar rats (120 – 150 g) were divided into four groups (n = 12), groups 1 to 3 were administered graded doses (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg) of the extract while animals in group 4 were administered distilled water (1 mL/kg body weight) as control for 28 days, followed by 21 days of non-dosing recovery set. Mortality and overt signs of toxicity including convulsion, hypoactivity, hyperactivity, salivation, and piloerection were observed. The rats were euthanized at the end of the study, and blood samples obtained via cardiac puncture; also, the brain, liver and kidneys were carefully harvested from each animal. The effects of the extract on haematologic and biochemical parameters (using whole blood samples and sera respectively) were assessed, histopathological examination of the organs was also performed. Data were analysed using analysis of variance followed by Newman-Keuls post hoc test and the level of significance was set at 95% confidence level.
The LD50 of SER was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) across the weight parameters (relative body weight, relativedecrease at 250 and 500 mg/kg (p = 0.0002), and at 750 mg/kg (p = 0.002) compared to control
in the repeated dose toxicity study. The results of biochemical evaluations of liver and kidney injury biomarkers in the sera, as well as in kidney and liver homogenates showed varying degrees of toxic effects on the organs marked by significant Histopathological examination revealed that the extract caused dose-dependent
increases in AST and ALT (liver) and; urea and creatinine (kidney).
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ADEYEMI A . P (2922) Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of the ethanol extract of solanum erianthum d. Don root in wistar rats