Theses and Dissertations

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Theses and Dissertations (Animal Science)

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Open Access
Determination of the Optimum Weight/Age and Composition of Broiler in Tropical Environment.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1984) Williams, Adebayo R.; Sonaiya, E. B.
In a study to determine optimum slaughtering age of broilers in Nigeria, 605 Cobb broilers were raised on floor pens, the birds were weighed weekly and 2 birds/pens were slaughtered fortnightly from six to sixteen weeks. Body weight, carcass weight, abdominal fat thickness and fat weight were measured. Internal body fat was determined by ether extraction of homogenized whole carcass less bone. Two way analysis of variance, simple and multiple regression and correlation analysis were carried out. Data on costs, revenue and net returns were obtained by questionnaire survey of poultry farms around Ile-Ife. The data were summarized and analysed graphically. Body weight, carcass weight, abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat weight as % live weight, abdominal fat thickness, total body fat, %total body fat, internal body fat and internal body fat as carcass weight were significantly affected by sex and age (P <0.01). Feed efficiency and feed conversion ratio were significantly affected by age (P <0.01).Highly significant correlations (P <0.01) were obtained among all body traits. Highly significant regression coefficients (P <0.01) were obtained by simple regression of internal body fat on carcass weight, body weight abdominal fat weight and fat thickness. Multiple regression analyses showed that, the regression was including fat thickness after abdominal fat weight and fat weight after carcass weight, Total body fat prediction can be reliably based on carcass weight abdominal fat weight for broilers between 6 - 16 weeks. Economics analysis revealed that profit is made when broilers till 16 weeks. When broilers are sold at a fixed price, the n point of slaughter is close to 12 weeks, but when broilers on weight basis, the optimum marketing age is just above and the physiological body data showed that fat deposition above after 12 weeks.
Open Access
Development of Protein-Source Feed Ingredients from Ruminal Content and Blood
(2015-04-15) Atunbi, Olufemi Adebayo
This study was designed to develop a protocol for the processing of blood and rumen content into protein-source feed ingredient for livestock, assess the microbial safety of the products, and determine the level of utilization of the products by broilers in order to provide readily available protein-rich feed. A preliminary survey of slaughter slab operations in Oyo, Ogbomoso and Ile-Ife was carried out before the commencement of the laboratory and feeding experiments to assess the mode of operation, type and volume of animals slaughtered, and how by-products, especially blood and rumen content, are disposed. Rumen content was collected from freshly slaughtered cattle in a plastic bowl. The rumen content was emptied into a woven sac and the water removed with the aid of a hydraulic press. The resulting rumen content was thereafter sifted through a 2mm sand sieve. The blood was prevented from clotting by adding 18 g common salt /kg of blood. Rumen content carried blood meal 1 (RCCBMI) was produced by mixing sifted rumen content and blood in the ratio 4:3 w/w and sun-dried to a moisture content of 10.55%. Rumen content carried blood meal 2 (RCCBM2) was obtained by mixing RCCBMl and blood at a ratio of 2:3 wlw and sun-dried to a moisture content of 10.9%. Proximate and amino acid composition, energy content, and microbiological status of RCCBM1 and RCCBM2 were determined. Nutrient bioavailability trials with RCCBMl and RCCBM2 yielded apparent and true nitrogen retained (ANR and TNR) of 0.7 g, 1.26 g and 0.84 g. 1.40 g, respectively, apparent and true metabolizable energy values (AME and TME) 1.9231 kcal/g, 2.3883 kcal/g for RCCBMI and 2.184 kcal/g, 2.737 kcal/g for RCCBM2 and apparent and true metabolizable energy values corrected for nitrogen (AMEn and TMEn) values of 1.8045 kcal/g, 2.1625 kcal/g and 2.082 kcal/g, 2.464 kcal/g for RCCBMl and RCCBM2 respectively. Fourteen-day-old broilers were used in growth trials for 35 days with RCCBM2 at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% levels of inclusion in starter and finisher diets in a completely randomized experimental design. Data were analyzed using the 2-way analysis of variance procedure to compare the treatment groups in nutrient bioavailability trials and growth performance trials with broiler chickens. The results showed that the ANR, TNR, AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn were significantly (f=2.66, 3.32, 2.30, 2.76, respectively, P<0.05) higher for birds fed RCCBM2 than for birds fed RCCBM1. The average final body weight and average daily weight gain were significantly (f =4.67, 4.05, respectively, P<0.05) higher for birds on treatment with 10% level of inclusion RCCBM2 than for those on 0, 5, and 15%. Total viable microbial counts of 6.9 x105 cfu/g and 5.8x104 cfu/g for RCCBM1 and RCCBM2 respectively, did not reach the critical safe level of l x l05 cfu/g after 60 days of storage. The study concluded that a simple protocol was successfully developed for the processing of blood and rumen content into protein-source feed ingredients (RCCBMI and RCCBM2). These were microbiologically safe and RCCBM2 can be fed at 10% level of inclusion in broiler chicken starter and finisher diets.
Open Access
Digestability and Feed Intake Studies with Pregnant and Lactating West African Dwarf Goats.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1987) Adenuga, Michael Kehinde; Ademosun, A. A.
The effect of pregnancy and lactation on digestibility and voluntary intake of feed was studied with a total of 15 female West African dwarf goats fed alfalfa pellets ad libitum. The effect of pregnancy and lactation on eating and rumination times was also studied in eight out of these animals. The animals were individually penned and fed ad libitum throughout the experiment. The apparent digestibility coefficient of the feed was determined during pregnancy and lactation when the animals were kept in metabolism crates for 14 days adaptation and seven days collection period. The voluntary feed intake and liveweight data were collected weekly while rumination and eating time’s data were collected daily by observing the jaw motions of the animals during pregnancy and lactation periods. Data were subjected to statistical analyses using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), students’ t-test, Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA and Wilcoxon Matched pairs signed rank test. The pregnant does had a higher liveweight (23.5 kg) and higher rate of weight gain than the non-pregnant ones (21.48kg) (P<0.05). The reverse was the case during lactation. The lactating does weighed 23.62Kg while the non-lactatin does weighed 25.66Kg. The apparent differences in voluntary feed intake (VFI) and apparent dry matter (DM) digestibility between pregnant (764.3g/anim./day and 54%) and non-pregnant does (666.5g/anim./day and 55%) were not significant. During lactation, VFI increased from parturition until the seventh week in lactation. Dry matter intake declined afterwards. However, the difference observed for the apparent DM digestibility between lactating (53%) and non-lactating does (5%) was not significant (P>0.05). Times spent eating and ruminating by the pregnant does (356.1 min/day and 495.2 min day) were significantly higher than those of non-pregnant ones (253.6min/day and 423.7min/day), but the time spent by the lactating does on eating alone (363.1min/day) was significantly higher than that of non-lactating does (231.3min/day) (P<0.05). Models used to describe feed intake during pregnancy and lactation could explain 68.2% and 85.3% of the variations in intake respectively. This showed that feed intake during pregnancy may be difficult to predict than during lactation.
Open Access
The Effect of Dietary Protein and Palm Oil on Performance, Age, and Weight at Puberty of Indigenous Pigs in Nigeria
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1984) Ilori, J. O.; Yusuph, N. A.; Somade, B.
Forty-eight indigenous pigs averaging 89.6 days in age and 12.9 kg body weight were used in a 4 x 2 factorial experiment. Dietary treatments were 15 and 18% levels of protein and 0, 2, 4 and 8% levels of palm oil, added to each protein level. The diets were fed ad libitum and water was available at all times until the onset of puberty (first estrus). Increasing the protein content of the diet gave significantly higher rates and efficiency of gain in pigs. Increasing the palm oil content of the basal 15 or 18% protein diet improved rate and efficiency of gain up to 4% palm oil level in the 18% protein diet but only up to 2% palm oil level in the 15% protein diet, indicating a need for increased dietary palm oil/energy with increased protein intake to maintain conversion efficiency. Increasing the palm oil content of the basal 15% or 18% protein diet improved feed consumption at all palm oil levels in the 15% protein diets but only up to 4% palm oil level, in the 18% protein diets. Increasing the protein content of the diet resulted in heavier and younger pigs at puberty. Increasing the palm oil content of a basal 15% or 18% protein diet did not appreciably affect big weights at puberty (range 33.3 to 36.1 kg) unlike age of pigs at puberty which was significantly reduced (range 152.3 to 167.5 days) by increasing dietary palm oil levels.
Open Access
Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Pawpaw (Carica Papaya) Leaf in the Control of Coccidiosis in Chicken
(2015-04-16) Babalola, Peter Olufemi
The study investigated the potency of aqueous extract of pawpaw leaf compared with a conventional anticoccidial drug, sulphamethazine sodium, in the treatment of coccidial infection in chicken. This was necessitated by the need to get an effective, readily available and comparatively cheaper drug to control coccidiosis. Oocysts of coccidia (Eimeria species) were isolated from the intestine and caeca of infected chickens and subsequently cultured in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Three hundred, four weeks old cockerel chicks were used for this study. The experimental chicks were divided into five treatments of twenty each and the experiment was replicated thrice. Each group was infected with sporulated oocvsts of the cultured Eimeria species through drinking water. The fresh pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaves were boiled (50 g / litre of water) for fifteen minutes to extract the juice and the supernatant was allowed to cool. There was no drug or extract administration to Treatment 1 chicks, the leaf extract was injected intramuscularly at the rate of 2 ml, 3 ml and 4 ml per kilogramme body weight to Treatments 2, 3 and 4 chicks respectively daily for four consecutive days. Sulphamethazine sodium, an anticoccidial drug, was injected at 0.5 ml per kg body weight to Treatment 5 for four days also. The feed intake, weight gain, mortality, consistency of faecal droppings, morbidity and abnormal chicks reaction due to the injection of the leaf extract were investigated. The results of the study showed that there were significant differences in the feed intake and weight gain over time (F = 3.84, P<0.05) between the different doses of pawpaw extract and the sulphamethazine sodium with the latter recording highest values for feed intake and weight gain respectively (87.9 g, 296 g). On the other hand, oocvsts discharges per gramme of faeces, percentage mortality and percentage morbidity were lowest for sulpha drug treated chicks (2.3, 0% and 3.3% respectively) (F = 3.84, P < 0.05). There was a great reduction in the observed severity of the lesions in the intestine and caeca on post mortem examination in favour of sulpha treated chicks. Nonetheless, higher values were observed in the average feed intake/day (82.1 g) and total weight gain per chicken (230 g), lower values in the average number of oocysts voided per gramme of faeces (2.3), percentage mortality (31.7%) and percentage morbidity (63.3%) for birds in Treatment 4 than the other extract or control groups. The extract was found to have a short-lasting itchy reaction on the chicks. It was concluded that extract of Carica papaya leaf can be substituted for sulpha drugs at the experimented dosage rates though it was found to be less effective as the conventional sulpha drugs. However, more concentrated experimented leaf extract dose proved more effective in controlling coccidiosis than the less concentrated doses considering the parameters investigated.
Open Access
Evaluation of the Nutritive Value of the African Giant Land Snail, Archachatina (Calachatina).
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1987) Imevbore, Emmanuel Abayomi
In order to assess the nutritive value of the African giant land Snail (Archachatina marginata), a comparison between its meat and some conventional sources of animal protein - beef, broiler meat, mutton, pork, goat meat and two types of fish (Tilapia macrocephala and Clarias lazera) was made. The proximate composition, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral analyses, as well as cholesterol content of the samples were used as criteria for comparison. With a protein content of 88.37%, snail meat compared favourably with the conventional animal protein sources, whose protein values ranged from 82% to 93% of the dry sample. It was however low in total fat content (1.64%), percent saturated fatty acids (28.71%) and cholesterol content (20.28 mg/100g sample) when compared with each of the other samples. While its amino acid profile was generally similar to those of the samples tested along with it, mineral analysis showed that snail meat is a rich source of minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus with values of 185.70 mg/100g and 61.24mg/ 100g dry sample respectively. The amount of these minerals in the others, for example, beef sample (53.00 mg/100g calcium and 24.05 mg/100g phosphorus) is much lower than is present in Snail meat. By virtue of its chemical composition, the meat of the Archachatina marginata has some potential as a source of essential nutrients. It may also be useful medically, since it appears to possess certain medicinal properties.
Open Access
Factors Influencing Mineral Content and Utilization of Tropical Forages by Ruminants.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1985) Kabaija, Ephraim M.; Smith, O. B.
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of season (wet/dry) and age of regrowth (3,6,9,12 weeks) on the mineral contents of two common browses - Gliricidia and Leucaena. Another study evaluated effect of season, age of regrowth (2,4,6,8, 10,12 weeks) and fertilizer application (with/ without) on the mineral contents of Guinea grass and giant star grass. With both browses and grasses, significant age of regrowth by season effects were observed, with K and P contents declining with age while Na, Ca and Fe contents increased, during either season. Fertilizer application in the grasses resulted in increased content of K and P while Ca and Mg contents declined. The herbage K, P and Cu contents were lower during the dry season while Zn, Fe and Mn contents were higher. Despite these fluctuations, the forages contained adequate amounts of all minerals for livestock requirements except for P, Na, Zn and Cu which were marginal to deficient. A subsequent study showed that P supplementation to lambs fed on Guinea grass hay improved both their performance and bone quality. Since these forages rapidly become fibrous, the effect of fiber level on mineral utilization was evaluated in 3 studies. Using the nylon bag technique, a higher rumen mineral release of 22.0% was obtained in 6 week old forage regrowth compared to that of 14.3% got in the more fibrous 12-week old regrowth. Mineral availability and absorption declined (P<0.01) as dietary fiber level increased. The results indicated dietary fiber to be one of the main factors influencing utilization of minerals by ruminants. Thus particular attention should be paid to mineral status of ruminants when feedstuffs such as standing hays or crop residues with high fiber content are fed.
Open Access
Improving the Nutritive Value of Cocoa-Pod by Chemical Treatment.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1985) Osafo, Emmanuel Lartey Kwame; Smith, O. B.
Two 'In Situ' studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of cocoa-pod ash solutions (PAS) as an alkali for treating cocoa-pods. Feed intake and overall nutrient digestibility of PAS - treated cocoa-pod based diet by cheep and goats were evaluated in two separate trials. In a screening trial, 5g oven dried and untreated cocoa-pod (Upod) or cocoa-pod treated (1:1 volume/weight) with either 4 levels of NaOH, 2, 4, 6 and 8% or corresponding strengths of PAS, P2, P4, P6 and P8 were weighed into nylon bags (2* pore diameter) and incubated for 24 hours in the rumen of two cannulated adult dwarf sheep fed a 50% cocoa-pod diet. Results showed NDF, ADF and Lignin were reduced (P<.05) by increasing PAS or NaOH treatment. Both NaOH and PAS improved (P<.05) degradability of dry matter, NDF and ADF. The % Dry Matter Loss (EMI') were 25.9, 52.1, 54.4 and 55.2 for Upod, 8% NaOH, P6 and P8 respectively. A second trial to compare degradability of Upod, dewaxed cocoa-pod (DWH), 8% NaOH (N8), P6 and P8 treated cocoa-pod after 24 and 48 hour incubation revealed degradation of nutrients was improved by both PAS and NaOH treatment and the degradation was completed in 24 hours for alkali treated pods. A 50% cocoa-pod based diet in which cocoa- pod were either untreated (Upod) or treated with P8 (Test diet 1) were fed to 12 sheep and 12 goats. In a second trial, the cocoa-pods were treated with P2, P4, P6 PAS, and designated Test 2, Test diet 3 and Test diet 4 respectively. Results showed intake of test diet 1 was reduced (P< .05). Digestibility was however improved in both sheep and goats fed Test diet 1. Feed intakes improved when lower levels of PAS treated feed were fed in second trial. Water consumption and volume of urine were significantly higher in animals fed treated diets. These results suggest cocoa-pod ash solutions could be used as a solution for treating cocoa-pods and other fibrous feeds to enhance utilization by livestock.
Open Access
Nutrient Characterization of Cassava Plant Meal and Effects of Feed Additives on its Utilization by Broiler Chickens at Starter and Finisher Phases
(2015-06-05) Tinuala, Jacob Akintunde
The study was designed to determine the nutrient composition of cassava plant meal (CPM) and to evaluate the utilization of CPM with or without feed additives by broiler chickens at starter and finisher phases. The aim was to substitute maize with CPM because maize is becoming unavoidable for poultry farmers due to competition between man and his livestock for maize. One hundred and forty seven day old broiler chickens of hybro strain were used for the study which lasted for eight weeks. The birds were randomly distributed into seven experimental treatments with three replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. Treatment I, the control was maize based. Treatments II and III had 25% and 50% respectively of maize in Treatment I replaced with CPM. Treatments IV, V, VI and Vll had the same composition as treatment III but with the inclusion of baker's yeast, hemicell (enzyme), oxytetracycline and palm oil respectively as feed additives. CPM contained unpeeled cassava roots with leaves plus tender-stem mixed in the ratio of 1:2.5 of leaves + tender-stem to unpeeled roots. The proximate analysis indicated that the crude protein 0.40%) of CPM was close to that of maize (10.00%) while the energy values were 2,857kCa1/kg and 3200kCal/kg for CPM and maize respectively. The results showed that average final body weight per bird was significantly (P < 0.05) highest for treatment I and lowest for treatment III. Average weight gain was significantly affected (P < 0.05), treatment 1 had the highest value while treatment Ill was the least. Average daily intake and feed to gain ratio were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Dressed weight, carcass weight and caeca weight were significantly affected by the dietary treatment (P < 0.05) with increasing level of CPM in the diets, dressed weight and caeca weight decreased while ceaca weight increased. The inclusion of feed additives to CPM diet resulted in its improved utilization. The feed cost per kg of diet and cost of production were significantly (P < 0.05) lowest for birds on treatment III and highest for treatment IV. From this study, it was observed that CPM could be used to replace 25% maize 1,1 the diet of broiler chicken without serious negative effect on the performance, carcass parameter and economics of production.
Open Access
The Prevalence and Pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium Sp. (Protozoa) in Livestock.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1985) Abe, Oluyemi Joseph; Ayeni, A.O
A survey of the incidence of cryptosporidial oocysts in the faeces of pigs, sheep, goats and cattle was carried out using Giemsa stained faecal smears. A total of 230 pigs, 150 sheep, 130 goats and 105 cattle were tasted. Cryptosporidial oocysts were detected in 78.13% diarrheic and nondiarrnoeic pigs examined. 12%, 3.8%, and 7.6% clinically healthy sheep, goats and cattle respectively were found shedding the oocysts of the organism. Incidence of cryptosporidial oocysts was significantly (P <0.05) higher in young animals between 110 weeks old than in older animals. Animals with and without diarrhea were found to be shedding oocysts in their faeces. Five piglets were experimentally infected with approximately 1,500 sporulated cryptospoeidal oocysts, whilst five others served as uninfected controls. None of the five infected pi lets developed clinical illness of cryptosporidiosis. There was neither diarrhoea, vomiting nor in appetence. Sheddings of oocysts in the faeces of the infected piglets began as from day post infection (p.i) and this continued throughout the eight week period of the experiment. Slight decrease in the body weight of the infected piglets were observed on the 2nd-5th week p.i., however, these animals regained their body weights 6th week p.i. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the average weekly body weight gain of infected piglets when compared with control piglets (120gm/wk Vs 400gm/wk). Two control and two infected piglets were slaughtered eight weeks p. i. There were minimal pathological lessions along the small intestine of the infected piglets. Histologically, there were the stunting and fusion of the villi of the small intestine. The sub-mucosa was eroded and the lamina propria, were infiltrated with cellular debris consisting of sloughed epithelial cells. Cryptosporidia were found attached to the villi of the small intestine. There was a proliferation of Kuppfer cells in the liver, indicative of phagocytic activities in the liver of the infected piglets. The kidney and the spleen were not affected histologically.
Open Access
Treatment of Natural Coccidial Infection in Lambs Using Monensin
(Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1984) Ayeni, A. O.
The therapeutic effect of monensin on natural coccidial infection was tested in two trials. Lambs with heavy mixed infections were fed a diet containing 20g monensin/tonne over a period of 14 days. In both trials and over a period of 35 days, coccidial oocyst output in non-medicated lambs was reduced by 53.6%. In the medicated lambs, it was practically nil. Monensin thus appears to have some therapeutic effect on sheep coccidiosis.

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