Theses and Dissertations

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Theses and Dissertations (Animal Science)

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    Treatment of Natural Coccidial Infection in Lambs Using Monensin
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1984) Ayeni, A. O.
    The therapeutic effect of monensin on natural coccidial infection was tested in two trials. Lambs with heavy mixed infections were fed a diet containing 20g monensin/tonne over a period of 14 days. In both trials and over a period of 35 days, coccidial oocyst output in non-medicated lambs was reduced by 53.6%. In the medicated lambs, it was practically nil. Monensin thus appears to have some therapeutic effect on sheep coccidiosis.
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    The Effect of Dietary Protein and Palm Oil on Performance, Age, and Weight at Puberty of Indigenous Pigs in Nigeria
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, 1984) Ilori, J. O.; Yusuph, N. A.; Somade, B.
    Forty-eight indigenous pigs averaging 89.6 days in age and 12.9 kg body weight were used in a 4 x 2 factorial experiment. Dietary treatments were 15 and 18% levels of protein and 0, 2, 4 and 8% levels of palm oil, added to each protein level. The diets were fed ad libitum and water was available at all times until the onset of puberty (first estrus). Increasing the protein content of the diet gave significantly higher rates and efficiency of gain in pigs. Increasing the palm oil content of the basal 15 or 18% protein diet improved rate and efficiency of gain up to 4% palm oil level in the 18% protein diet but only up to 2% palm oil level in the 15% protein diet, indicating a need for increased dietary palm oil/energy with increased protein intake to maintain conversion efficiency. Increasing the palm oil content of the basal 15% or 18% protein diet improved feed consumption at all palm oil levels in the 15% protein diets but only up to 4% palm oil level, in the 18% protein diets. Increasing the protein content of the diet resulted in heavier and younger pigs at puberty. Increasing the palm oil content of a basal 15% or 18% protein diet did not appreciably affect big weights at puberty (range 33.3 to 36.1 kg) unlike age of pigs at puberty which was significantly reduced (range 152.3 to 167.5 days) by increasing dietary palm oil levels.
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    Nutrient Characterization of Cassava Plant Meal and Effects of Feed Additives on its Utilization by Broiler Chickens at Starter and Finisher Phases
    (2015-06-05) Tinuala, Jacob Akintunde
    The study was designed to determine the nutrient composition of cassava plant meal (CPM) and to evaluate the utilization of CPM with or without feed additives by broiler chickens at starter and finisher phases. The aim was to substitute maize with CPM because maize is becoming unavoidable for poultry farmers due to competition between man and his livestock for maize. One hundred and forty seven day old broiler chickens of hybro strain were used for the study which lasted for eight weeks. The birds were randomly distributed into seven experimental treatments with three replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design. Treatment I, the control was maize based. Treatments II and III had 25% and 50% respectively of maize in Treatment I replaced with CPM. Treatments IV, V, VI and Vll had the same composition as treatment III but with the inclusion of baker's yeast, hemicell (enzyme), oxytetracycline and palm oil respectively as feed additives. CPM contained unpeeled cassava roots with leaves plus tender-stem mixed in the ratio of 1:2.5 of leaves + tender-stem to unpeeled roots. The proximate analysis indicated that the crude protein 0.40%) of CPM was close to that of maize (10.00%) while the energy values were 2,857kCa1/kg and 3200kCal/kg for CPM and maize respectively. The results showed that average final body weight per bird was significantly (P < 0.05) highest for treatment I and lowest for treatment III. Average weight gain was significantly affected (P < 0.05), treatment 1 had the highest value while treatment Ill was the least. Average daily intake and feed to gain ratio were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Dressed weight, carcass weight and caeca weight were significantly affected by the dietary treatment (P < 0.05) with increasing level of CPM in the diets, dressed weight and caeca weight decreased while ceaca weight increased. The inclusion of feed additives to CPM diet resulted in its improved utilization. The feed cost per kg of diet and cost of production were significantly (P < 0.05) lowest for birds on treatment III and highest for treatment IV. From this study, it was observed that CPM could be used to replace 25% maize 1,1 the diet of broiler chicken without serious negative effect on the performance, carcass parameter and economics of production.
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    Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Pawpaw (Carica Papaya) Leaf in the Control of Coccidiosis in Chicken
    (2015-04-16) Babalola, Peter Olufemi
    The study investigated the potency of aqueous extract of pawpaw leaf compared with a conventional anticoccidial drug, sulphamethazine sodium, in the treatment of coccidial infection in chicken. This was necessitated by the need to get an effective, readily available and comparatively cheaper drug to control coccidiosis. Oocysts of coccidia (Eimeria species) were isolated from the intestine and caeca of infected chickens and subsequently cultured in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Three hundred, four weeks old cockerel chicks were used for this study. The experimental chicks were divided into five treatments of twenty each and the experiment was replicated thrice. Each group was infected with sporulated oocvsts of the cultured Eimeria species through drinking water. The fresh pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaves were boiled (50 g / litre of water) for fifteen minutes to extract the juice and the supernatant was allowed to cool. There was no drug or extract administration to Treatment 1 chicks, the leaf extract was injected intramuscularly at the rate of 2 ml, 3 ml and 4 ml per kilogramme body weight to Treatments 2, 3 and 4 chicks respectively daily for four consecutive days. Sulphamethazine sodium, an anticoccidial drug, was injected at 0.5 ml per kg body weight to Treatment 5 for four days also. The feed intake, weight gain, mortality, consistency of faecal droppings, morbidity and abnormal chicks reaction due to the injection of the leaf extract were investigated. The results of the study showed that there were significant differences in the feed intake and weight gain over time (F = 3.84, P<0.05) between the different doses of pawpaw extract and the sulphamethazine sodium with the latter recording highest values for feed intake and weight gain respectively (87.9 g, 296 g). On the other hand, oocvsts discharges per gramme of faeces, percentage mortality and percentage morbidity were lowest for sulpha drug treated chicks (2.3, 0% and 3.3% respectively) (F = 3.84, P < 0.05). There was a great reduction in the observed severity of the lesions in the intestine and caeca on post mortem examination in favour of sulpha treated chicks. Nonetheless, higher values were observed in the average feed intake/day (82.1 g) and total weight gain per chicken (230 g), lower values in the average number of oocysts voided per gramme of faeces (2.3), percentage mortality (31.7%) and percentage morbidity (63.3%) for birds in Treatment 4 than the other extract or control groups. The extract was found to have a short-lasting itchy reaction on the chicks. It was concluded that extract of Carica papaya leaf can be substituted for sulpha drugs at the experimented dosage rates though it was found to be less effective as the conventional sulpha drugs. However, more concentrated experimented leaf extract dose proved more effective in controlling coccidiosis than the less concentrated doses considering the parameters investigated.
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    Development of Protein-Source Feed Ingredients from Ruminal Content and Blood
    (2015-04-15) Atunbi, Olufemi Adebayo
    This study was designed to develop a protocol for the processing of blood and rumen content into protein-source feed ingredient for livestock, assess the microbial safety of the products, and determine the level of utilization of the products by broilers in order to provide readily available protein-rich feed. A preliminary survey of slaughter slab operations in Oyo, Ogbomoso and Ile-Ife was carried out before the commencement of the laboratory and feeding experiments to assess the mode of operation, type and volume of animals slaughtered, and how by-products, especially blood and rumen content, are disposed. Rumen content was collected from freshly slaughtered cattle in a plastic bowl. The rumen content was emptied into a woven sac and the water removed with the aid of a hydraulic press. The resulting rumen content was thereafter sifted through a 2mm sand sieve. The blood was prevented from clotting by adding 18 g common salt /kg of blood. Rumen content carried blood meal 1 (RCCBMI) was produced by mixing sifted rumen content and blood in the ratio 4:3 w/w and sun-dried to a moisture content of 10.55%. Rumen content carried blood meal 2 (RCCBM2) was obtained by mixing RCCBMl and blood at a ratio of 2:3 wlw and sun-dried to a moisture content of 10.9%. Proximate and amino acid composition, energy content, and microbiological status of RCCBM1 and RCCBM2 were determined. Nutrient bioavailability trials with RCCBMl and RCCBM2 yielded apparent and true nitrogen retained (ANR and TNR) of 0.7 g, 1.26 g and 0.84 g. 1.40 g, respectively, apparent and true metabolizable energy values (AME and TME) 1.9231 kcal/g, 2.3883 kcal/g for RCCBMI and 2.184 kcal/g, 2.737 kcal/g for RCCBM2 and apparent and true metabolizable energy values corrected for nitrogen (AMEn and TMEn) values of 1.8045 kcal/g, 2.1625 kcal/g and 2.082 kcal/g, 2.464 kcal/g for RCCBMl and RCCBM2 respectively. Fourteen-day-old broilers were used in growth trials for 35 days with RCCBM2 at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% levels of inclusion in starter and finisher diets in a completely randomized experimental design. Data were analyzed using the 2-way analysis of variance procedure to compare the treatment groups in nutrient bioavailability trials and growth performance trials with broiler chickens. The results showed that the ANR, TNR, AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn were significantly (f=2.66, 3.32, 2.30, 2.76, respectively, P<0.05) higher for birds fed RCCBM2 than for birds fed RCCBM1. The average final body weight and average daily weight gain were significantly (f =4.67, 4.05, respectively, P<0.05) higher for birds on treatment with 10% level of inclusion RCCBM2 than for those on 0, 5, and 15%. Total viable microbial counts of 6.9 x105 cfu/g and 5.8x104 cfu/g for RCCBM1 and RCCBM2 respectively, did not reach the critical safe level of l x l05 cfu/g after 60 days of storage. The study concluded that a simple protocol was successfully developed for the processing of blood and rumen content into protein-source feed ingredients (RCCBMI and RCCBM2). These were microbiologically safe and RCCBM2 can be fed at 10% level of inclusion in broiler chicken starter and finisher diets.