Department of Computer Science and Engineering

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Department of Computer Science

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Open Access
A Dataset for Multimodal Fashion Recommender Model
(Department of Computer Science and Engineering - Obafemi Awolowo University, 2023-07-28) Orisadare Emmanuel Ayo
Fashion recommendation systems have gained significant attention in recent years as they provide personalized and non-personalized suggestions to users based on their preferences and past behavior. The effectiveness of these systems largely depends on the availability of relevant and high-quality data, including textual, image, and other forms of data. While there are several existing datasets for fashion recommendation, they often suffer some limitations such as improper image-text mapping, small size, lack of diversity, and data quality issues. To address these limitations, this paper develops a Dataset for Multimodal Fashion Recommender Models (DMFRM-202k). The developed dataset contains an extensive collection of 202,189 fashion product images and their corresponding metadata, including product features and user ratings, preprocessed using several libraries of the Python programming language. Class labeling, feature vectors, and a ResNet50 model that was fine-tuned using transfer learning for selected fashion products are also provided. A multimodal recommender and an image classification model were developed using the DMFRM-202k dataset, the multimodal recommender model achieved an average Precision of 90% and Recall of 90% while the image classification model achieved an Accuracy of 90%, Precision of 91%, and Recall of 89% on the 10th epoch. The dataset can potentially enable researchers to develop more accurate and effective multimodal recommendation models in the fashion domain.
Open Access
An adaptive bio-inspired optimisation model based on the foraging behaviour of a social spider
(cogent OA, 2019-11) otor, samera; akinyemi, bodunde; aladesanmi, temitope; aderounmu, ganiyu
Existing bio-inspired models are challenged with premature convergence among others.In this paper,an adaptive social spider colony optimization model based on the foraging behaviour of social spider was proposed as an optimisation problem. The algorithm mimics the prey capture behaviour of the social spider in which, the spider senses the presence of the prey through vibrations transmitted along the web thread. Spiders are the search agents while the web is the search space of the optimization problem.The natural or biological phenomenon of vibration was modeled using wave theory while optimization theory was considered in optimizing the objective function of the optimisation problem. This objective function was considered to be the frequency of vibration of the spiders and the prey as this is the function that enables the spider differentiates the vibration of the prey from that of neighbouring spider sand therefore forages maximally. To address the parameter tuning problem, the searchpatternwascontrolledbythepositionofthepreyforconvergence.The proposed model was tested for convergence using several benchmark functions with different characteristics to evaluate its performance and results compared to an existing state of the arts’ spider algorithm. Results showed that the proposed model performed better by searching the optimum solution of the benchmark functions used to test the model
Open Access
An adaptive fuzzy Information Retrieval model to improve response time perceived by e-commerce clients
(2010-01) Ajayi, Anuoluwapo Olanrewaju; Aderounmu, Ganiyu A.; Soriyan, H.A.
In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy logic-based information retrieval model is presented to enable users retrieve exact and specific information they sort after. The proposed IR model takes into consideration the limited bandwidth between ISP and its users; and the characteristics (processor speed, memory size, resolution, availability of anti-virus, etc.) of clients’ devices in ensuring that a customer has a fruitful and eventful session while conducting business online. The model was designed using unified modelling language and implemented using Borland JBuilder. A performance evaluation of the proposed information retrieval system using two evaluation measures was conducted. The experimental result indicated that the model has an acceptable performance.
Open Access
Analysis and Hazard Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils Around Transformer Installation Areas
(Journal of Health & Pollution, 2019-12) Akhigbe, G. E.; Adebiyi, F .M; Torimiro, N
Soil contamination resulting from the use and handling of petrochemicals and other petroleum products during power generation activities is an increasing global concern due to its adverse impact on the ecosystem
Open Access
An ANN Model for Predicting the Quantity of Lead and Cadmium Ions in Industrial Wastewater
(IGI Global, 2017-10) OLAJUBU, EMMANUEL; OKE, ADESOLA ISAIAH; ASAHIAH, FRANKLIN OLADIPO
Rapidindustrializationhascontributedimmenselytothedischargeofheavymetalsintoreceivingwater bodiesuntreated.Thequantityofheavymetalspredictioninindustrialwastewaterisveryessential beforetreatmentsothatthequantityispreciselyremoved.Thisarticleformulates,simulateandevaluate apredictivemodelthatmimicselectrochemicaltreatmentofleadandcadmiumionspresentinpaint industrialwastewaterusingartificialneuralnetwork.Thepredictivemodelwasformulatedusing FuzzyLogictoolboxinMATLABandthesimulationwasdoneintheenvironment.Theprediction ofthemodelwasevaluatedbycomparingthepredictedquantityofleadionsandcadmiumions withtheresultoftheexperimentalworkinthelaboratory.Thearticleconcludesthatthedeveloped predictionmodeldemonstratedveryhighpredictionaccuracyinpredictingthepercentageoflead andcadmiumionspresentinpaintswastewater
Open Access
Automatic recognition of oral vowels in tone language: Experiments with fuzzy logic and neural network models.
(Elsevier, 2011-01) Akanbi, Lukman; Odejobi, Odetunji A
Automatic recognition of tone language speech is a complex problem in that it involves two parallel recognition tasks. A recognition system to accomplish this task must be able to simultaneously recognise tone and phone Components in the acoustic signal. The acoustic cue for the tones is the fundamental frequency (F0) while the first and second formant (F1 and F2) frequencies are the acoustic cues for the phones. In this study, we experiment with two soft-computing techniques, namely: artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL) in the recognition of oral vowels in tone language. The standard Yoruba (SY) language is used for our case study.The ANN and FL speech recognition systems were developed using MatLab. The result showed that the ANN based model performed better on the training data while the FL based model performed better on the test set. This implies that the ANN system was able to interpolate or approximate the data more accurately whereas the FL system is better at extrapolating from the data. In addition, it was observed that the ANN system required larger amount of data for it is development whereas the FL system development requires some expert's knowledge. In conclusion, the FL based system seems to be the better approach for developing practical automatic speech recognition (ASR) system for languages such as SY where the language resources are limited.
Open Access
Automation of Planning and Budgeting Procedures in a University.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1987) Ajayi, Emmanuel Adebayo; Akinde, A. D.
This work demonstrates the use of computer technology in enhancing efficiency in University Administration, particularly in respect of Academic Planning and Research Management. The project exploited the tremendous capabilities of the computer for the development of an information system to enhance decision-making specifically in the areas of academic planning and recurrent budgeting of a University. The study was carried out on the Apple II Micro-computer. The automation of academic planning and recurrent budgeting procedures in a University has been examined and implemented. The parameters and criteria which influence academic planning and recurrent budgeting exercises in the University were identified and appropriate programmes and sub-routines developed to estimate, monitor and control these parameters, in line with the National Universities Commission recurrent budgeting techniques for allocation of funds to a University, thus giving the research work a wider acceptability and applicability especially in the Nigerian context. An efficient and dynamic software support was also developed for the Academic Planning and Budgeting process in a University.
Open Access
Bacterial Assessment of Electronic Hardware User Interfaces in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
( Revista de Ciencias Farmaceuticas Basica e Aplicada, 2014-05-28) Oluduro, A. O; Ubani, E. K; Ofoezie, I. E.
The study was undertaken to quantify and identify bacterial contaminants associated with private and open access user interfaces in various establishments in the town of Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The study was conducted in selected offices, business centres, banks and cybercafés within Ile-Ife. Swab samples were aseptically collected from each user interface (keyboard, mouse, ATM) and users’ hands and cultured on nutrient and MacConkey agar, to determine the total bacterial load and coliform count, respectively, by the pour-plate technique. Bacterial loads present on different types of interface (keyboard, mouse and ATM) were found to be significantly different (p < 0.01). A total of 669 isolates comprising 11 distinct bacterial species were recovered from 313 randomly sampled user interfaces. The frequencies of occurrence of the species were Aerococcus viridans (9.4%), Bacillus spp. (8.4%), Enterobacter aerogenes (4.9%), Gaffkya tetragena (2.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1%), Micrococcus luteus (10.9%), Moraxella catarrhalis (1.6%), Proteus spp. (10.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (8.2%). All the interfaces examined were contaminated. Contamination on interfaces in educational institutions differed significantly from that found in banks and cybercafés, but was comparable to that in commercial centres. Most isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, augmentin, nitrofurantoin and ceftriaxone, while resistance to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin was the least frequent. Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in 89.1% of bacterial isolates, with a total of 68 resistance patterns, resistance to three antibiotics being the most frequent (31.9%). About 74% of multiple antibiotic
Open Access
Bi-directional Shape Correspondences (BSC)
(Abdulrahman Ibraheem, 2014-11) Abdulrahman, Ibraheem
We propose Bidirectional Shape Correspondence (BSC) as a possible improvement on the famous shape contexts (SC) framework. Our proposals derive from the observation that the SC framework enforces a one-to-one correspondence between sample points, and that this leads to two possible drawbacks. First, this denies the framework the opportunity to effect advantageous many-to-many matching between points on the two shapes being compared. Second, this calls for the Hungarian algorithm which unfortunately usurps cubic time. While the dynamic-space-warping dynamic programming algorithm has provided a standard solution to the first problem above, it demands quintic time for general multi-contour shapes, and w times quadratic time for the special case of single-contour shapes, even after an heuristic search window of width w has been chosen. Therefore, in this work, we propose a simple method for computing "many-to-many" correspondences for the class of all 2-d shapes in quadratic time. Our approach is to explicitly let each point on the first shape choose a best match on the second shape, and vice versa. Along the way, we also propose the use of data-clustering techniques for dealing with the outliers problem, and, from another viewpoint, it turns out that this clustering can be seen as an autonomous, rather than pre-computed, sampling of shape boundary.
Open Access
Biocidal effects of stem bark extract of Chrysophyllum albidium G. Don on vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016-12) Akinpel, David A.; Odewade, Joseph O.; Aiyegoro, Olayinka A.; Ashafa, Anofi O. T.; Akinpelu, Oluseun F.; Agunbiade, Mayowa O.
Background: Staphylococcus aureus causes variety of infections in humans and animals worldwide and predominates in surgical wound infections. This study assessed the antimicrobial potential of the stem bark extract of Chrysophyllum albidum against an array of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) isolated from clinical samples. Methods: The methanolic crude extract of the plant was preliminary screened for the presence of phytochemicals; after then, the extract was partitioned into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. A range of concentrations of the plant extract fractions was prepared to assess its antimicrobial potency; the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs); the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs); the rate of killing; the potassium ion leakage potential and nucleotides leakage ability against the VRSAs. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, reducing sugars and terpenoids as major phytoconstituents resident in the crude plant extract. The two active fractions (n-hexane and butanol) at a concentration of 10 mg/ml exhibited antibacterial activities with the MIC and MBC values for the fractions ranged between 0.63–10 mg/ml and 1.25–10 mg/ml respectively. The time kill assay revealed that the antibacterial action of the two fractions are time and concentration dependent; the n-hexane and butanol fractions achieved 100 % kill on the test isolates at a concentration of 3×MIC and 2×MIC respectively after 120 min of reaction time. Varying amount of potassium ions as well as nucleotides were leaked from the test cells by n-hexane and butanol fractions. Conclusions: This study has established the possibility of developing antimicrobial agents of natural origin to manage possible infection from vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus that are now developing multi-resistance against many antibiotics.
Open Access
Candida colonization of the vagina of HIV-seropositive pregnant women and their seronegative counterparts at selected health-care centers in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
( Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2016-01) Ebhodaghe, BlessingItohan; Ako-Nai, Kwashie Ajibade; Aderoba, Adeniyi; Anderson, WinstonA; kassem, Olakunle O
Background: Candida colonization of the vagina is a risk factor in pregnancy. Candida isolates have been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes. The study determined the incidence of Candida species recovered from the vagina of HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative pregnant women that attended antenatal clinics in Akure, Ondo State between November 2014 and December 2015. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty pregnant women aged 19–43 participated in the study, which included 114 HIV-seropositive subjects with mean age 31.81 years and 126 HIV-seronegative subjects with mean age 29.05 years as controls. High vaginal swab was collected from each subject using sterile cotton-tipped applicator, streaked onto Mycological Agar - supplemented with streptomycin. Each sample was incubated 24 h for yeast and 72–120 h for the growth of molds. Yeast colonies that grew on Mycological Agar were picked and studied. Thereafter, colonies resembling Candida were identified using sugar assimilation and fermentation. Candida isolates were further speciated using Candida Ident Agar, modified. Antifungal resistance profile was identified with azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, flucytosine, and griseofulvin drugs. Antifungal resistant assay was determined by disc and agar well diffusion. Results: Altogether, 157 Candida isolates were recovered from HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative subjects. Candida albicans constituted 46.5%, Candida dubliniensis and Candida glabrata 15.3% each, Candida krusei 12.1%, Candida spp. 5.7%, and Candida tropicalis and Candida pseudotropicalis 2.5% each. Antifungal resistance was widespread with azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, flucytosine, and griseofulvin. Conclusion: C. albicans was the predominant isolate recovered (17.2% HIV-seropositive and 29.3% HIV-seronegative subjects). Widespread antifungal resistance seems high and suggests possible abuse of these drugs
Open Access
A Collaborative Software Development Model for Co-Located and Virtual Teams
(2015-08-06) Elias, Olaronke Ganiat
This study investigated the factors affecting collaborative software development in developing countries, constructed a model for collaborative software development and assessed the effectiveness. This was with a view to increasing usability of software systems and reducing risks involved in software development process. The research employed an exploratory study design to obtain information on collaborative software development practices in developing countries. Interview and questionnaire were used to obtain data from software developers in Lagos, Ibadan and Ile-Ife. Eleven software developers in six software development companies in Lagos and Ibadan were purposively selected for interview. The interview elicited information on factors affecting collaborative software development in developing countries, the effect of the factors on collaborative software development and the procedures for collaborative software development. Questionnaire was administered on fifty randomly selected software developers in Lagos, Ibadan and Ile-Ife to obtain information on the ideologies behind collaborative software development, the challenges faced by developers and approaches to mitigating risks in software development process. The collaborative software development model was constructed in Unified Modelling Language using ArgoUML Computer Aided Systems Engineering tool. The model was assessed for effectiveness using case problems in Nigeria with the application of association-end-multiplicity and class attribute criteria. The results showed that effective communication, group or team conflict, inadequate requirement analysis, interoperability, standardization and software development methodology were the factors affecting collaborative software development in developing countries. The collaborative software development model showed the interactions among the software developers engaged in collaborative software development process. The association-end-multiplicity criterion that was used for testing association among the classes in the model showed that the model was effective. Furthermore, the class attribute criterion showed that the behaviour of the model was also effective. It was concluded that effective requirement analysis, security, communication, effective software development methodology and interoperability were important for effective collaborative software development practices. It was also concluded that the constructed model would enhance collaborative software development process in developing countries and also reduce the risks associated with collaborative software development.
Open Access
Comparative Efficacy of Clinic-Based and Telerehabilitation Application of McKenzie Therapy in Chronic Low-Back Pain
(International Journal of Telerehabilitation, 2019-06) Mbada, chidozie emmanuel; dada, olarewaju; ayanniyi, olusola; johnson, olubusola
Studies on validation of telerehabilitation as an effective platform to help manage as well as reduce burden of care for LowBack Pain (LBP) are sparse. This study compared the effects of Telerehabilitation-Based McKenzie Therapy (TBMT) and Clinic-Based McKenzie Therapy (CBMT) among patients with LBP. Forty-seven consenting patients with chronic LBP who demonstrated ‘directional preference’ for McKenzie Extension Protocol (MEP) completed this quasi experimental study. The participants were assigned into either the CBMT or TBMT group using block permuted randomization. Participants in the CBMT and TBMT groups received MEP involving a specific sequence of lumbosacral repeated movements in extension aimed to centralize, decrease, or abolish symptoms, thrice weekly for eight weeks. TBMT is a comparable version of CBMT performed in the home with the assistance of a mobile phone app. Outcomes were assessed at the 4th and 8th weeks of the study in terms of Pain Intensity (PI), Back Extensors Muscles’ Endurance (BEME), Activity Limitation (AL), Participation Restriction (PR), and General Health Status (GHS). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Alpha level was set at p< 0.05. Within-group comparison across baseline, 4th and 8th weeks indicate that both CBMT and TBMT had significant effects on PI (p=0.001), BEME (p=0.001), AL (p=0.001), PR (p=0.001) and GHS (p=0.001) respectively. However, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the treatment effects between TBMT and CBMT, except for ‘vitality’ (p=0.011) scale in the GHS where TBMT led to significantly higher mean score. Mobile-app platform of the McKenzie extension protocol has comparable clinical outcomes with the traditional clinic-based McKenzie Therapy, and thus is an effective supplementary platform for care of patients with low-back pain. Keywords
Open Access
COMPARATIVE TREATMENT OF WELL AND STREAM WAGTER FOR DRINKING USING MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS, ALUM, SAND FILTER BEDS AND SOLAR RADIATION
(International Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2016-12-16) Ikechukwu Benjamin, MOSES; Babatunde, Awopetu; Odeyemi, Olu
Objectives The objective of this research work was to compare the coagulating power of Moringa oleifera seeds with that of alum. Raw water samples were collected from various wells and streams in Modakeke area, Ile-Ife, Osun state, Nigeria. Results show that Moringa oleifera seed is a better coagulating agent than alum because it had an average coagulating power of 85.3% while that of alum was 78.3%. The filter bed had 85.7% reduction in microbial load for Moringa oleifera treated water while there was 79.1% reduction in microbial load for alum treated water. Also, the effectiveness of solar disinfection for the Moringa oleifera treated clear filtrate was 98.1% while that of alum treated water was 91.5%. Hence, Moringa oleifera, sand filtration and solar energy are good alternatives for water treatment especially in rural areas that can’t afford sophisticated water treatment plant or chemicals.
Open Access
Computational Modeling of Collaborative Resources Sharing in Grid System
(Springer Link, 2011-03) Oluwatope, Ayodeji; Iyanda, Duada; Aderounmu, Ganiyu; Adagunodo, Rotimi
In grid computing, Grid users who submit jobs or tasks and resources providers who provide resources have different motivations when they join the Grid system. However, due to autonomy both the Grid users’ and resource providers’ objectives often conflict. This paper proposes autonomous hybrid resource management algorithm aim at optimizing the resource utilization of resources providers using “what-you-give-is-what-you-get” Service Level Agreements resource allocation policy. Utility functions are used to achieve the objectives of Grid resource and application. The algorithm was formulated as joint optimization of utilities of Grid applications and Grid resources, which combine the resource contributed, incentive score, trustworthiness and reputation score to compute resource utilization. Simulations were conducted to study the performance of the algorithm using GridSim v5.0. The simulation results revealed that the algorithm yields significantly good result because no user can consume more than what it contribute under different scenarios; hence the problem of free riding has been addressed through this algorithm. KeywordsResource scheduling–Grid System–Computational modeling
Open Access
A Computer Simulation Model of Optimum Sized Tractor Selection for Agricultural Mechanization
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1985) Adagunodo, Emmanuel Rotimi; Jaiyesimi, S. B.; Mensah, E. K.
A computer simulation model for the selection of optimum-sized tractors based upon the durability and minimum cost analysis of the tractor has been developed. There is the need to optimize tractor sizes so as to minimize the cost and increase the productivity of farm mechanization process. The optimal replacement period and reliability of the tractor are considered in this study with respect to the volume of utilization of such tractor. A procedure for determining tractor optimum size through the replacement period and reliability analysis is presented in the study. The results of the study establish that two tractor models - David Brown 995 and 990 - of 62 and 58 horsepower respectively are recommended for the two categories of tractor owners and users involved in the study. DB 995 has been considered adequate for the private commercial farmers who cultivate between (30-40) hectares of land and DB 990 is recommended as the optimum machine for the government-owned tractor hiring units. The results of the work show further that a few policy implications may arise from changes in the two important quantities - maintenance and purchase costs of the tractor. A low maintenance and high purchase costs lead to extended replacement period and high durability. On the other hand, high maintenance and cheap purchase price of the tractor result in shortened replacement period and low durability for the tractor. The need to stop any subsidies on tractor purchase price and provide subsidized maintenance and repairs and also establish more government-owned tractor hiring units is stressed in the study.
Open Access
The Critical Need for Software Architecture Practices in Software Development Process
(Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems, 2012-01) Gambo, Ishaya; Ikono, Rhoda; Iroju, Olaronke; Omodunbi, Theressa
Software architecture is the master plan of every reliable software system. It is the building block of any kind of software system which greatly determines the success of the system. This paper argues that every system needs a good architecture and that requires the use of good architecture engineering practices in a software development process. The paper recognized software architecture practice as a discipline pervading all phases of software development and then identifies some of the pertinent areas where architectural practice can be used based on a framework. In addition a model showing how software architecture fits into the phases of a generic software development process lifecycle was presented. The model is to enable software developers and acquirers to use effective software architecture practices during software development in order to exert significantly greater control over software product qualities.
Open Access
Decision Support System for Histopathological Diagnosis of Breast Diseases in Women.
(IJCSI, 2011-03) Kayode, Aderonke Anthonia; Akhigbe, Bernard Ijesunor; Afolabi, Babajide; Udo, Ifiok; Ominiyi, Adedayo O
This paper presents a representation of histological features for histopathological diagnosis of breast diseases in women. Hence, a Decision Support System (DSS) for histopathological interpretation and diagnosis of breast diseases was implemented and evaluated. The Expert knowledge used was elicited through interview and literature search. The needed diagnostic knowledge was represented using diseases’ profile in the form of frame. UML, JAVA and MYSQL were used for the design and implementation of the system. 150 samples of retrospective cases were used for the system’s implementation, while a Consultant Pathologist’s interpretation was used to evaluate the system. Results for Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Prediction Value and the Negative Prediction Value are 97.7%, 95.0%, 99.2% and 86.3% respectively. Thus, the result showed that the system is capable of assisting an inexperience pathologist in making accurate, consistent and timely diagnoses, also in the study of diagnostic protocol, education, self-assessment, and quality control
Open Access
Design and Implementation of a Runtime System for an Algol-Like Intermediate Compiler.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1987) Akindele, Oluwatoyin Tunde; Owoso, G. O.
Programming languages have been elevated to an abstract level by the development of higher level programming languages. The gap created by this abstraction between the users’ programs and the machine is bridged by means of translation systems known as compilers and interpreters. A programming language system - ALGOL-like language (ALL) that is modeled after the compiler-interpreter architecture has been designed and constructed. In this thesis, the runtime system for the intermediate compiler of ALL has been designed and implemented using two stacks (the main stack and the pointer stack) and a heap, the copying technique of garbage collection is used with the heap to simulate an infinite store. The Reverse Polish Notation has been used as the internal language of the translation system. The runtime system has been implemented using PASCAL programming language. This implementation has resulted in an efficient runtime system with little operational requirements. The major application areas of the programming language system are its use for introducing the concept of structured programming to beginners in computer science, and for enhancement of teaching of compiler/interpreter design and construction at undergraduate level.
Open Access
Design and Implementation of an Algol-Like Intermediate Compiler.
(Obafemi Awolowo University, 1987) Ajila, Samuel Adesoye; Owoso, G. O.
The gap created by the abstraction of a programming language from the machine level is bridged by means of a translation system known as a compiler. The design and implementation of this intermediate compiler is based on the Recursive Descent compiling technique. In this technique, the compiler is activated through the syntax analyser. The syntax analyser is divided into a number of recognition routines, each of which has the task of checking whether a particular kind of phrase is present in the input, and then calls upon the services of other routines to recognize the appearance of other subphrases. The routines are mutually recursive. In addition, semantic checking and code generation phases are integrated into the syntax analysis phase. Some of the results of this technique include the ability of the intermediate compiler to do its recognition, type checking and code generation without 'backup'. The total code of the compiler is very small and it is written in a high-level programming language (PASCAL). In general these advantages result in portable and more easily understood compiler. As a result of the implementation technique, this compiler can be used as a teaching aid in compiler construction class at the undergraduate level. It can also be used to introduce structured programming for a beginner in Computer Science.

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