Master of Science (M.Sc.) Theses and Dissertations

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    Open Access
    Molecular Characterization of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from selected Livestock Farms in Osun State, Nigeria
    (Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo Universty, 2022) Taofiq, Adewale Sulayman
    This study isolated Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from rectal and faecal samples of some selected livestock farms in Osun State, Nigeria, investigated the antibiotic susceptibility characteristics and the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) phenotype properties of the confirmed isolates, as well as determined the occurrence of some clinically important resistant genes in the isolates. These were with a view to providing information for the mapping of antimicrobial resistance in the agroecosystem. A total of 197 samples were collected from apparently healthy cattle (13 faecal), pigs (61 rectal), and poultry (123 faecal) from 12 selected livestock farms within Osun State. Rectal swabs were collected by gently inserting moistened sterile swab sticks into the rectum of the animals while fresh faecal droppings were scooped with sterile swab sticks. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were presumptively isolated based on cultural characteristics. The identity of the presumptive isolates was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction detection of the uidA (E.coli) and ITS (K. pneumoniae). Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method based on the interpretative standard described by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. The presence of genes encoding clinically significant resistance determinants was also determined using polymerase chain reaction for the isolates. A total of 238 presumptive E. coli isolates and 123 presumptive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were recovered from the collected samples. Out of the presumptive isolates, 207 (87%) and 66 (53.7%) were confirmed as E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively, using polymerase chain reaction. However, 32 (48.5%) non-repetitive K. pneumoniae isolates and 90 (43.5%) non-repetitive E. coli isolates were selected for further analysis. For the E. coli isolates, a high resistance rate was observed against tetracycline (81.1%), ciprofloxacin (40%) and ampicillin (36.7%). In the K. pneumoniae isolates, high resistance rates were observed against ampicillin (78.1%), ciprofloxacin (65.6%) and tetracycline (50%). The multiple antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates revealed resistance against at least three different antibiotics, while the multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranged from 0.3 to 0.8. Genes encoding beta-lactamases:blaTEM (83.3%), blaOXA-1-LIKE (37.8%), blaSHV (4.4%) blaFOX (68.9%), blaACC (45.6%), blaCIT (41.1%), blaMOX (10%), blaDHA (2.2%), blaEBC (2.2%), and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance genes: qepA (25.6%), aac(6’)-Ib-cr (16.7%), oqxB (64.4%), oqxA (16.7%), qnrB (2.2%), qnrA (14.4%) and qnrS (45.6%) were detected in the E. coli isolates, while, blaTEM (78.1%), blaOXA-1-LIKE (75%), blaSHV (68.8%) blaFOX (75%), blaACC (34.4%), blaCIT (6.3%), qepA (18.8%), aac(6’)-Ib-cr (21.9%), oqxB (100%), oqxA (71.9%), qnrB (9.4%), and qnrS (28.1%) were detected in the K. pneumoniae isolates. This study concluded that multidrug-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae, harbouring clinically significant resistance genes are present in livestock which could be transferred to humans through direct contact or the food chain. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and beta-lactamases genes, often reported in clinical settings, were detected in some of the isolates in this study.
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    Embargo
    Policy intervention and child health governance in Southwestern Nigeria
    (Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University., 2024) Abe, Teniola Deborah.
    This study examined the strategies of policy intervention put in place for the management of neonatal mortality in Southwestern Nigeria; determined the effectiveness of policy intervention strategies on the management of neonatal mortality in the study area; and analysed the challenges of policy intervention affecting the management of neonatal mortality in Southwestern Nigeria. These were with a view to providing insights on the contributions of policy intervention on neonatal mortality management in Southwestern Nigeria. The study utilised a descriptive research design. The population of the study (105) consisted of Doctors, Midwives, Nurses, Health workers, Officials of the Ministry of Health, Budget and Planning and Women Affairs, pregnant women, and neonatal mothers. Two (2) states were purposively selected from the Southwestern Region namely: Lagos and Ogun State. The two (2) states were selected because they are states with highest neonatal mortality rate (Ogun State) and lowest neonatal mortality rate (Lagos State) respectively compared to other southwestern states, according to the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 6, 2021). In the selected states, the following were interviewed: 1 official in each ministry, 5 medical practitioners in each of tertiary health care, 3 medical practitioners in each of the secondary health care and 3 medical practitioners each in the primary health, making a total of (3) official from the ministry in Lagos and Ogun state, 15 officials from the tertiary hospital, (2) tertiary health care in Lagos which is Private and Public and (1) tertiary health care in Ogun State which is Public, 18 officials from secondary health care (9 from each), and 18 primary health care workers (9 from each state) - 3 FGDs was conducted in each state among the pregnant women and nursing mothers each which constituted of 8 people, making a total of 24 people per state. Secondary data was obtained from books, journals, articles the internet, annual reports, workshops, conferences seminar papers, newspapers, and policy documents relating to the subject matter. Data collected was analysed using content analysis. The findings revealed that Lagos and Ogun States had implemented various strategies to manage neonatal mortality, but with differing levels of successes and challenges. Lagos State has prioritized exclusive breastfeeding promotion, immunization drives, free antenatal and delivery services, collaborating with NGOs and private entities, which has effectively reduced neonatal mortality rates. However, challenges like inadequate infrastructure and financial constraints persist. The Ibidero Scheme in Ogun State aims to reduce the use of traditional birth attendants by providing free antenatal and delivery services, along with financial incentives given after delivery. While the initiative has made some progress, it faces significant challenges, including inconsistent funding and a lack of healthcare facilities in rural areas. Public-private partnerships in both states have provided additional resources and expertise, yet socio-economic factors continue to influence the effectiveness of these interventions, leading to disparities in health outcomes across different regions and socio economic groups. The study concluded that policy intervention has been successful in reducing neonatal mortality in Lagos, while in Ogun State, it has been fairly successful, indicating the need for further improvements to achieve a reduction in neonatal mortality in child health governance.
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    Open Access
    Gender disparity in depression among youths living with hiv attending state specialist hospital Asubiaro Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria.
    (Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social science. Obafemi Awolowo University., 2022) JACOB, Peter Olorunfemi
    The study ascertained the prevalence of depression among youths living with HIV; investigated socio-economic factors associated with depression among youths living with HIV; examined depression manifestations among male and female youths living with HIV; and assessed available support system within the health facility for youths living with HIV that have depression. These were with a view to ascertained the gender differences in the prevalence, factors and manifestation of depression among youths living with HIV in the study area.This study adopted a descriptive research design and it is facility based. The study made use of primary data. The study population comprises 171 youths living with HIV and attending State Specialist Hospital Asubiaro Osogbo, Osun State. The study made use of Purposive sampling technique. Using Yemane’s formula, a sample size of 120 youths living with HIV were used in the study. The study was conducted at the Hope Clinic State Specialist Hospital Asubiaro Osogbo, Osun State. A structured questionnaire with closed ended questions was administered and in-depth interview session was conducted in order to get data for the study. Quantitative data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, tables and charts while the qualitative data were analysed using content analysis and narratives.Results revealed that the prevalence of depression among male and female youths living with HIV were 59.0% and 59.5% respectively. Also, the results showed that the major factors that were associated with depression among female youths living with HIV are inability to afford medications (52.6%), low economic status (51.3%) and lack of social support (43.6%). While, inability to afford medications (57.1%), low economic status 54.7% and problem of getting a spouse (40.5%) were the major factors associated with depression among male youths living with HIV. The result further showed that attempting suicide (50.0%) and fixation on past failures or self-blame (55.1%) were ways female youths living with HIV manifest depression. while the manifestation of depression among male youths living with HIV occurred through loss of pleasure in most activities i.e., sex, hobbies or sports (64.3%) and attempting suicide (57.2%). Finally, the study revealed that there are no specific support systems available within the facility to youths living with HIV who are diagnosed with depression.The study concluded that there is no gender difference in the prevalence of depression among youths living with HIV; and there exist a similarity in the manifestation and factors associated with depression among youths living with HIV in the study area.
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    Open Access
    Correlates of the uptake of long acting reversible contraceptives (larcs) in Ogun state, Nigeria
    (Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife., 2021) Alfred, Olakunle Olusegun.
    This study investigated the level of uptake of Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs) and examined the pattern of uptake of LARCs among women of reproductive age in Akute Agbado area of Ogun State by considering the socio-demographic and cultural characteristics as well as attitudes of respondents in line with their contraceptive choices. It also identified the factors influencing the uptake of LARCs among women of reproductive age in the study area. These were done with a view to obtaining a contemporary evidence base in understanding the motivation and barriers to LARC uptake, thereby informing the development of strategies that will increase LARC uptake, leading to overall reduction in unintended pregnancies and an improved Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) in Ogun State. This was a cross-sectional research design, using the multi-stage sampling method and based on the clustered administration of structured questionnaires to 400 randomly selected women of reproductive age, information on respondents’ demographic characteristics, knowledge of Family Planning (FP) type, service delivery factors were gotten from the use of this tool. Ten In-depth interviews were also conducted with health providers in the study area communities and state level. Descriptive statistics (frequency tables), correlation, logistic regression, model diagnosis and the processing of transcribed recordings were deployed for data analysis. The results showed a high usage of modern contraceptive (69%) in the study area compared to the state and national level at 16.6% and 12% respectively, with 41% of respondents using LARCs. The uptake of LARCs varied across demographic and socio-economic characteristics, service delivery factors such as waiting times and attitude of providers stimulated the distribution of uptake across respondents. Among all factors considered in the uptake of IUCD, the significant and the influencing factors were the number of children the women had with (O.R.:0.027; p<0.05) and (O.R:0.01;p<0.05) for the purity of 1 to 3 children and 3 to 6 children respectively. Furthermore, the factors influencing the uptake of implants are contacts with family planning workers and distance to source of family planning with (O.R:13 29; p<0.05) and (O.R: 6.9; p<0.05) respectively. Many healthcare providers identified complaints about side effects the miseducation of prospective clients through myths and misconceptions and high workload as major reasons many clients refuse to take up methods. This research concluded that LARC uptake is relatively high among women in the study area
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    Open Access
    Sacred an Profane Practices Among Traditional Bone Setters in Osun State, Nigeria.
    (Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University., 2023) ORE Oluwatosin Blessing
    This study explored how bone setters practice their healing art and described the sacred and profane things associated with traditional bone setting; determined the influence of Westernisation on the practice of traditional bone setting; and described what traditional bone setters do when complication arises. These were in a view to give a proper description of the sacred and profane practices among traditional bone setters in Osun state. The research design used was exploratory and there were key informant interview (KII) sessions. The study location was selected areas of Osun State which include Ile-Ife, Osogbo and Ilesha. The study population consisted of the traditional bone setters in the aforementioned cities of Osun state. Snowball sampling technique guided the recruitment of eligible participants. A total of five respondents were engaged with five KII sessions. Data collected were analysed using thematic analysis with the aid of ATLAS.ti 22 software. The results show a nuanced interaction between sacred and profane components during the bone setting process. These rituals frequently involve prayers, the usage of plants and sacred items that are said to have healing powers. The findings revealed how traditional bone setters are highly sought after in many cultures. The result showed that it requires years of apprenticeship to become a traditional bone setter and acquire the permission to practice. The profane aspect in the study was regarded as less sacred as it only encompasses the practical techniques, tools and procedures employed by the traditional bone setter. The result also portrayed how traditional bone setting in Osun State was being influenced by Westernisation. This study revealed that bone setters use suitable measures to successfully control issues that develop during the treatment. For example, the quick treatment of all warning indicators such as pain, deformities and swelling. The study concluded that deep-rooted cultural beliefs and spiritual practices surrounded the healing process and acknowledged the need for proper training, regulation, and integration of modern medical practices for the welfare of patients.