Department of Child Dental Health- Journal Articles
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- ItemOpen AccessCommunity Inclusion in PrEP Demonstration Projects: Lessons for Scaling Up.(plos one, 0201) Reza-Paul, Sushena; Lazarus, Lisa; Jana, Smarajit; Ray, Protim; Mugo, Nelly; Ngure, Kenneth; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Durueke, Florita; Idoko, John; Béhanzin, Luc; Alary, Michel; Gueye, Daouda; Sarr, Moussa; Mukoma, Wanjiru; Kyongo, Jordan K; Bothma, Rutendo; Eakle, Robyn; Dallabetta, Gina; Presley, Josie; Lorway, RobertPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has emerged as a new HIV prevention strategy. A series of demonstration projects were conducted to explore the use of PrEP outside of clinical trial settings. Learning from the failures in community consultation and involvement in early oral tenofovir trials, these PrEP projects worked to better engage communities and create spaces for community involvement in the planning and roll out of these projects. We describe the community engagement strategies employed by seven Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation-funded PrEP demonstration projects. Community engagement has emerged as a critical factor for education, demand generation, dispelling rumors, and supporting adherence and follow up in the PrEP demonstration project case studies. The increasing global interest in PrEP necessitates understanding how to conduct community engagement for PrEP implementation in different settings as part of combination HIV prevention.
- ItemOpen AccessRe: Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Mitigating Risk of HIV Transmission During HIV Cure– Related Clinical Trials With a Treatment Interruption(Oxford University Press, 0201) Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Bridget Haire; Veronica Noseda
- ItemOpen AccessCommentary(Frontiers in oral health, 0202) Singhal, Sonica; Farmer, Julie; Quiñonez, CarlosA newly identified pneumonia outbreak was first reported in China in December 2019. This was caused by a highly infectious pathogen named the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARCoV-2). It has caused the global pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has affected 1% of the global population (79,231,893 cumulative cases up to 27 December 2020) and disrupted the world’s usual socioeconomic daily activities [1]. As a result, managing and solving the COVID-19 crisis is currently a top government priority around the world.
- ItemOpen AccessChanges in the prevalence of dental caries in primary school children in Lagos State, Nigeria.(Original Article, 2014) Sofola, O O; Folayan, M O; Oginni, A BObjectives: To evaluate the changes in the prevalence of dental caries in Lagos State over a 3 years period and the role of age, sex, and playing in the changes observed. Materials and Methods: Three primary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria were randomly selected for the study. Six hundred and thirty‑three children age 2-12 years, were examined for caries in 2000 while 513 children were examined in 2003. The prevalence of tooth decay and the prevalence of untreated tooth decay were calculated for the two years, that is, 2000 and 2003. Also the degree of unmet treatment need among the population with caries experience was measured. Differences in the prevalence and severity of dental caries in the primary and permanent dentition were assessed. Results: Approximately 18% of children had untreated tooth decay in their primary dentition in 2003: A 26.1% increase from 2000. About 12.0% of the decay, extracted, and filled teeth (deft) index was seen with decayed teeth in 2000 and 16.6% in 2003. Extracted primary teeth decreased from 2.5% in 2000 to 1.5% in 2003. The change in mean deft between 2000 (0.42) and 2003 (0.47) was 11.9%. Over the study period, the overall reduction in the prevalence of dental caries was 34.8% in the permanent dentition. The decline was larger among children aged 5-9 years (62.1%) and among females (75%). Conclusion: The study showed no overall changes in caries severity but a decrease in caries prevalence in the permanent dentition over the study period. The largest decline in caries prevalence in the permanent dentition was observed in children aged 5-9 years and females. On the contrary, there was an increase in the caries prevalence in the primary dentition.
- ItemOpen AccessAddressing the socio-development needs of adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria : a call for action(African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2014) Morenike O. Folayan; Morolake Odetoyinbo; Brandon Brown; Abigail Harrison AffiliationsThe widespread use of antiretroviral therapy and remarkable success in the treatment of paediatric HIV infection has changed the face of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic in children from a fatal disease to that of a chronic illness. Many children living with HIV are surviving into adolescence. This sub-population of people living with HIV is emerging as a public health challenge and burden in terms of healthcare management and service utilization than previously anticipated. This article provides an overview of the socio-developmental challenges facing adolescents living with HIV especially in a resource-limited setting like Nigeria. These include concerns about their healthy sexuality, safer sex and transition to adulthood, disclosure of their status and potential stigma, challenges faced with daily living, access and adherence to treatment, access to care and support, and clinic transition. Other issues include reality of death and implications for fertility intentions, mental health concerns and neurocognitive development. Coping strategies and needed support for adolescents living with HIV are also discussed, and the implications for policy formulation and programme design and implementation in Nigeria are highlighted. L'utilisation généralisée de la thérapie antirétrovirale et des succès remarquables dans le traitement de l'infection du VIH chez les enfants a changé le visage de l'épidémie du virus d'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) chez les enfants d'une maladie mortelle ? celui d'une maladie chronique. Beaucoup d'enfants vivant avec le VIH survivent ? l'adolescence. Cette sous-population de personnes vivant avec le VIH est en train de devenir un problème de santé publique et de la charge en termes de gestion des soins de santé et l'utilisation des services que prévu avant. Cet article donne un aperçu des défis du développement social auxquels sont confrontés les adolescents vivant avec le VIH en particulier dans un contexte de ressources limitées comme le Nigeria. Il s'agit notamment des préoccupations concernant leur santé sexuelle, les rapports sexuels protégés et le passage ? l'âge adulte, la divulgation de leur statut et de la stigmatisation potentielle, les défis rencontrés dans la vie quotidienne, l'accès au traitement et l'observance du traitement, l'accès aux soins et au soutien, et la transition de la clinique. D'autres questions comprennent la réalité de la mort et des implications pour les intentions de la fécondité, des problèmes de santé mentale et le développement neurocognitif. Les stratégies d'adaptation et le soutien nécessaire pour les adolescents vivant avec le VIH sont également discutés, et les implications pour la formulation des politiques et de la conception des programmes et la mise en oeuvre au Nigeria sont mis en évidence.
- ItemOpen AccessAddressing Ebola-related Stigma(Global Health Action, 2014) Mariam Davtyan; Brandon Brown; Morenike Oluwatoyin FolayanBackground HIV/AIDS and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) are contemporary epidemics associated with significant social stigma in which communities affected suffer from social rejection, violence, and diminished quality of life. Objective To compare and contrast stigma related to HIV/AIDS and EVD, and strategically think how lessons learned from HIV stigma can be applied to the current EVD epidemic. Methods To identify relevant articles about HIV/AIDS and EVD-related stigma, we conducted an extensive literature review using multiple search engines. PubMed was used to search for relevant peer-reviewed journal articles and Google for online sources. We also consulted the websites of the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the National Institutes of Health to retrieve up-to-date information about EVD and HIV/AIDS. Results Many stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors directed towards those with EVD are strikingly similar to those with HIV/AIDS but there are significant differences worthy of discussion. Both diseases are life-threatening and there is no medical cure. Additionally misinformation about affected groups and modes of transmission runs rampant. Unlike in persons with EVD, historically criminalized and marginalized populations carry a disproportionately higher risk for HIV infection. Moreover, mortality due to EVD occurs within a shorter time span as compared to HIV/AIDS.
- ItemOpen AccessStudy motives, career choices and interest in paediatric dentistry among final year dental students in Nigeria(BMC Medical Education, 2014-07-02) Morenike O Folayan; Oyinkan O Sofola; Mohammad R Khami; Ayodeji O Esan; Bamidele O Popoola; Omolola O Orenuga; Nkiru Folaranmi; Taofeek O Ligali; Abimbola S PhillipsAbstract Background: Students’ motives for studying Dentistry have been a subject of interest for years because of the potential for understanding the psychological makeup and subsequent job satisfaction for the dentist. It is also useful in identifying expectations of the profession. This study therefore tried to identify study motives and career preferences of dental students especially with respect to the practice of paediatric dentistry. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire. The final year students in six dental schools in Nigeria were required to fill the questionnaire. Students were asked to rank their motives and career preferences on a Likert like scale with points ranging from 0–5 where 0 represented a factor that had no influence on their decision and 5 represented a very influential factor. The underlying dimensions for study motives, career preference, impression about and motive for interest in the practice of paediatric dentistry were identified using factor analysis. Results: One hundred and seventy nine of 223 students (80.3%) participated in this study. Motives for the practice of dentistry included characteristics of the profession, altruism and intellectual challenges, existence of artistic theme in dentistry and parent’s recommendation. Overall, 67.1% of respondents indicated interest in postgraduate studies and 50.8% were interested in paediatric dentistry practice. The main motives for showing interest in the practice of paediatric dentistry were ‘personal interest, professional interest and interest of significant others in children’, and ‘family influence’. Significantly more males than females were interested in the practice of paediatric dentistry though the motives for interest in the practice of paediatric dentistry did not differ significantly by sex or age.
- ItemOpen AccessTackling the sexual and reproductive health and rights of adolescents living with HIV/AIDS: a priority need in Nigeria.(African journal of reproductive health., 2014-09-01T00:00:00Z) Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Harrison, Abigail; Odetoyinbo, Morolake; Brown, BrandonVery little is known about the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs of adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) in general and the needs of those in Nigeria specifically. A review was conducted to identify the SRH of ALHIV, assess if these are different from the SRH of adolescents who are free from HIV infection, and from those of adults living with HIV. Few research have been conducted on how ALHIV deal with sexual and reproductive health challenges faced in their everyday lives - as adolescents and as persons living with HIV living in sub-Saharan Africa - to help make any meaningful inferences on these differing needs. The review suggests that the SRH needs and practices of ALHIV may differ from that of other adolescents and that of adults living with HIV. ALHIV would require support to cope with sex and sexual needs, through full integration of individualized SRH services into the HIV services received. Service providers need to appreciate the individualistic nature of health problems of ALHIV and address their health care from this holistic perspective. A 'one-size-fits-all' approach for designing SRH programmes for ALHIV would not be appropriate. We conclude that research evidence should inform the design and implementation of ALHIV friendly SRH programmes services in both urban and rural settings in Nigeria.
- ItemOpen AccessGetting to zero the biomedical way in Africa: outcomes of deliberation at the 2013 Biomedical HIV Prevention Forum in Abuja, Nigeria.(Springer, 2014-09-11) Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Gottemoeller, Megan; Mburu, Rosemary; Brown, BrandonOver the last few decades, biomedical HIV prevention research had engaged multiple African stakeholders. There have however been few platforms to enable regional stakeholders to engage with one another. In partnership with the World AIDS Campaign International, the Institute of Public Health of Obafemi Awolowo University, and the National Agency for the Control of AIDS in Nigeria, the New HIV Vaccine and Microbicide Advocacy Society hosted a forum on biomedical HIV prevention research in Africa. Stakeholders' present explored evidences related to biomedical HIV prevention research and development in Africa, and made recommendations to inform policy, guidelines and future research agenda.
- ItemOpen AccessThe prevalence, pattern and clinical presentation of developmental dental hard-tissue anomalies in children with primary and mix dentition from Ile-Ife, Nigeria.(BMC Oral Health., 2014-10-16T00:00:00Z) Temilola, Dada Oluwaseyi; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fatusi, Olawunmi; Chukwumah, Nneka Maureen; Onyejaka, Nneka; Oziegbe, Elizabeth; Oyedele, Titus; Kolawole, Kikelomo Adebanke; Agbaje, HakeemThe study of dental anomalies is important because it generates information that is important for both the anthropological and clinical management of patients. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and pattern of presentation of dental hard-tissue developmental anomalies in the mix dentition of children residing in Ile-Ife, a suburban region of Nigeria.
- ItemOpen AccessPossible Risk factors in the occurrence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization among a group of Nigerian Monozygotic Twins(Babcock University Medical Journal (BUMJ), 2015-06) TA Oyedele; MO Folayan; EO OziegbeObjective Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) is systemic in origin, and affects one to four permanent rst molars. It frequently affects the incisors also. Its aetiology remains unknown, with some evidence suggesting association with childhood diseases during the rst four years of life, the use of antibiotics (amoxicillin, a macrolide), and exposure to dioxins. This report is documented to highlight the possible risk factors for MIH in four sets of monozygotic twins. Methods A case series consisting of four related case reports. Results Identied. This ranged from prolonged use of antibiotics, to early childhood illnesses, prenatal maternal ill health, and long duration of breast feeding. The possibility of genes in the aetiology of MIH is further strengthened by the observation in this study, that all the monozygotic twin pairs identied with MIH during public oral health screening exercises, had the lesion. Conclusion The aetiology of MIH may be due to early childhood illnesses and the use of amoxicillin. Also, the possible role of genetic disposition needs to be further investigated.
- ItemOpen AccessStakeholders' engagement with Ebola therapy research in resource limited settings.(BMC Infectious Diseases., 2015-06-26T00:00:00Z) Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Brown, Brandon; Haire, Bridget; Yakubu, Aminu; Peterson, Kristin; Tegli, JemeeThe current Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa is the largest in history. As of February 18(th) 2015, 23,258 cases of EVD have been cumulatively reported from Nigeria, Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Sierra Leone, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States of America resulting in more than 9,000 deaths. It is therefore exigent to develop prevention and treatment therapies for EVD.
- ItemOpen AccessEthics, emergencies and Ebola clinical trials: the role of governments and communities in offshored research.(Pan African Medical Journal, 2015-10-10) Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Peterson, Kristin; Kombe, FrancesThe Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa has stimulated investments in EVD research. While these research efforts are most welcome, we are concerned about the potential to ignore effective community ethics engagement programmes and critical government regulatory agencies in light of the urgency to conduct clinical trials for EVD therapies and vaccines. We discuss the reasons why community engagement with various research stakeholders is essential, how community engagement should be conducted, and the potential consequences of failing to engage both communities and regulatory agencies by drawing on past experiences in the field of HIV research. We highlight the importance of a) capacity building to enable local researchers design and implement EVD research for future epidemics, b) the need to support community research literacy, and c) the need to build the competency of research regulatory agencies on the continent to address EVD therapy and vaccine research.
- ItemOpen AccessEthical considerations in the conduct of research on therapies for the prevention and treatment of Ebola virus disease in developing countries.(AFENET, 2015-10-10) Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Haire, Bridget GabrielleThe devastating toll of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa necessitates considerations of new approaches to research into new prevention technologies and treatments for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). Research must be planned and delivered in consultation with civil society from the epicentre to prevent mistrust and misunderstanding. Ethical considerations include development of local research and regulatory capacity; negotiating the standard of prevention packages for research participants, including healthcare workers; and strengthening health systems in developing countries to ensure effective response to future EVD outbreaks in the region. Also, strategic consultation with local communities is an ethical imperative for EVD research, particularly where there is potential for differential access to prevention and care packages between trial staff and local hospital staff.
- ItemOpen AccessDebating Ethics in HIV Research: Gaps between Policy and Practice in Nigeria.(Developing world, 2015-12-01T00:00:00Z) Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Peterson, Kristin; Haire, Bridget; Brown, Brandon; Audu, Kadiri; Makanjuola, Olumide; Pelemo, Babatunde; Marsh, VickiHIV prevention is a critical health issue in Nigeria; a country that has one of the worst HIV epidemic profiles in the world. With 270,000 new infections in 2012, Nigeria is a prime site for HIV prevention research. One effect of the HIV epidemic has been to revolutionalise ethical norms for the conduct of research: it is now considered unethical to design and implement HIV related studies without community engagement. Unfortunately, there is very little commensurate effort in building the capacity of local persons to engage actively with researchers, and there is no existing platform to facilitate dialogue between researchers and communities engaged in research in Nigeria. In an effort to address this gap, we undertook a series of three community dialogues (Phase One) and two community-researcher interface meetings (Phase Two) in Nigeria. This paper aims to give an empirical account of the dialogue from these community engagement processes and provide a resulting critique of the implementation of research ethics practices in Nigeria. It is anticipated that the outputs will: (i) support researchers in designing community-based research protocols; (ii) inform ethics committees of key considerations during research protocol reviews from a community perspective; and (iii) inform policy makers and research sponsors about issues of primary concern to communities with respect to HIV research.
- ItemOpen AccessAssociations between Forced Sexual Initiation, HIV Status, Sexual Risk Behavior, Life Stressors, and Coping Strategies among Adolescents in Nigeria.(PLOS ONE, 2016) Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Harrison, Abigail; Brown, Brandon; Odetoyinbo, Morolake; Stockman, Jamila K; Ajuwon, Ademola J; Cáceres, Carlos FSome individuals experience their first sexual intercourse through physically forced sex, which affects the way they experience and cope with stress. We examined differences in sexual risk behavior, experience of stressors, and use of stress-coping strategies among adolescents in Nigeria based on their history of forced sexual initiation and HIV status. We analyzed data from 436 sexually active 10-19-year-old adolescents recruited through a population-based survey from 12 Nigerian states. Using Lazarus and Folkman's conceptual framework of stress and coping, we assessed if adolescents who reported forced sexual initiation were more likely to report HIV sexual risk practices, to report as stressors events related to social expectations, medical care and body images, and loss and grief, and to use more avoidance than adaptive coping strategies to manage stress. We also assessed if HIV status affected experience of stressors and use of coping strategies. Eighty-one adolescents (18.6%) reported a history of forced sexual initiation; these participants were significantly more likely to report anal sex practices (OR: 5.04; 95% CI: 2.14-11.87), and transactional sex (OR: 2.80; 95% CI: 1.56-4.95). Adolescents with no history of forced sexual initiation were more likely to identify as stressors, life events related to social expectations (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.96-1.11) and loss and grief (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 0.73-2.65), but not those related to medical care and body images (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.34-1.18). They were also more likely to use adaptive responses (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 0.62-3.50) than avoidance responses (OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.49-1.64) to cope with stress, though these differences were not significant. More adolescents with a history of forced sexual initiation who were HIV positive identified as stressors, life events related to medical care and body images (p = 0.03) and loss and grief (p = 0.009). Adolescents reporting forced sexual initiation and HIV-negative status were significantly less likely to use religion as a coping strategy (OR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.09-0.83). History of forced sexual initiation and HIV status affected perception of events as stressors and use of specific coping strategies. Our study findings could inform best practice interventions and policies to prevent and address forced sexual initiation among adolescents in Nigeria and other countries.
- ItemOpen AccessDigit Sucking Habit and Association with Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Status of Children Aged 6 Months to 12 Years Resident in Semi-Urban Nigeria(Cross Mark, 2016-02-18) Kikelomo Adebanke Kolawole; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Hakeem Olatunde Agbaje; Titus Ayodeji Oyedele; Elizabeth Obhioneh Oziegbe; Nneka Kate Onyejaka; Nneka Maureen Chukwumah; Olusegun Victor Oshomoji; Gururaj ArakeriObjectives Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) is a common behavior in childhood. The association between digit sucking, dental caries and oral health has been studied within conclusive results. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of, and the association between digit sucking, caries and oral hygiene status of children age six months to 12years, resident in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Methods Across-sectional study was conducted in Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State. Data were collected through a household survey using a multi-stages sampling procedure from children between six months and 12years. Details of each child’s socio-demographic characteristics, digit sucking habits, caries status and oral health status were collected. The association between it sucking ,caries status and oral hygiene status was determined using Chi square and Logistic regression. Results Themeanageofthe992studyparticipantswas5.8±(3.2)years. The prevalence of digit sucking, caries andpoororalhygienewere7.2%,10.5%and2.4%respectively.Themean dmftscorewas0.22±(0.80),meanDMFTscorewas0.04±(0.30)while mean Oral Hygiene Indexscorewas1.27 ±(0.73). Digit sucking increased the odds of having caries (OR:1.28; CI:0.58–2.81)but decreased the odds of having poor oral hygiene (OR:0.58;CI:0.34– 1.01) insignificantly
- ItemOpen AccessPrevalence and family structures related factors associated with crown trauma in school children resident in suburban Nigeria.(BMC Oral Health, 2016-11-05T00:00:00Z) Oyedele, T A; Jegede, A T; Folayan, M OMultiple risk factors have been identified for traumatic dental injuries, including crown fractures, in various age groups and various populations. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, risk factors and family related factors for crown trauma among 8 to 16 year-old children in a suburban population, Nigeria.
- ItemOpen AccessHIV/AIDS: The Nigerian Response(Taylor and Francis group, 2017) Morenike FolayanThis chapter reviews the emerging governance structure in Nigeria, with specific focus on governmental strategies. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), has been increasing steadily in Nigeria since 1987. The Government of Nigeria established an AIDS/STDs control programme (NASCP) with assistance for its first medium term plan (MTPI) from the World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Programme on AIDS, as early as 1987. In June 2001, the number of reported AIDS cases stood at 60,564. The determinants of the HIV/AIDS epidemic are similar to those witnessed throughout the sub-Saharan region. The non-governmental organisations (NGOs) primarily involved in HIV/AIDS prevention and control in the country mainly draw upon resources from international donor agencies, and especially did so during the military era. Nigeria is beneficiary of the decision by leading Western pharmaceuticals to drop their law suit against the South African government which insisted it had a right to produce or buy cheaper generic versions of their anti-HIV/AIDS drugs.
- ItemOpen AccessHIVR4P 2016, Partnering for Prevention(AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES, 2017) Babara L. Shacklett; Cynthia A. Derdeyn; Morenike Oluwatosin Folayan; Raphael J. Landovitz; Colin Anthony; Anna-Janina Behrens; Thomas J. Hope; Elise Landais; Lorna Leal; Jeanne M. Marrazzo; Lynn Morris; Nelly Mugo; Kenneth Ngure; Veronica Noseda; Srinika Ranasinghe; Damie C. Tully; Yegor Voronin; Mitchell Warren; Constantinos Kurt Wibmer; Irene Y. Xie; Gabriella Scarlatti; Bargavi ThyagarajanHIV Research for Prevention: AIDS Vaccine, Microbicide, and ARV-based Prevention Science (HIVR4P) was built on a growing consensus that effective HIV prevention requires a combination of approaches and that understanding, analyzing, and debating the cross-cutting issues that impact prevention research are all essential to combat the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. To that end, the biennial HIVR4P conference is dedicated to all biomedical HIV prevention research approaches, including HIV vaccines, microbicides, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and treatment as prevention. The HIVR4P 2016 conference was held in Chicago, Illinois (USA), on October 17–21, and included more than 700 scientific presentations and 21 satellite sessions covering the latest and most promising advances across the HIV prevention research field. The theme “Partnering for Prevention” represented the conference's commitment to breaking down silos between research disciplines as well as between researchers, program developers, care providers, advocates, communities, and funders. Delegates spanning 42 countries attended the conference. One-third of those in attendance were early career investigators, which reflects a firm commitment to emerging researchers and ultimately to the goal of developing a sustainable scientific enterprise well into the future. This article presents a concise summary of highlights from the conference. For a more detailed account, one may find full abstracts, daily summaries, and webcasts on the conference website at hivr4p.org.