Department of Child Dental Health- Journal Articles

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    Ethical considerations in determining standard of prevention packages for HIV prevention trials: examining PrEP.
    (Bioethics, 2013-08-01T00:00:00Z) Haire, Bridget; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Hankins, Catherine; Sugarman, Jeremy; McCormack, Sheena; Ramjee, Gita; Warren, Mitchell
    The successful demonstration that antiretroviral (ARV) drugs can be used in diverse ways to reduce HIV acquisition or transmission risks--either taken as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) by those who are uninfected or as early treatment for prevention (T4P) by those living with HIV--expands the armamentarium of existing HIV prevention tools. These findings have implications for the design of future HIV prevention research trials. With the advent of multiple effective HIV prevention tools, discussions about the ethics and the feasibility of future HIV prevention trial designs have intensified. This article outlines arguments concerning the inclusion of newly established ARV-based HIV prevention interventions as standard of prevention in HIV prevention trials from multiple perspectives. Ultimately, there is a clear need to incorporate stakeholders in a robust discussion to determine the appropriate trial design for each study population.
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    Early childhood caries: Are maternal psychosocial factors, decision-making ability, and caries status risk indicators for children in a sub-urban Nigerian population?
    (BMC, 2021-05-04) Michael Alade; Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan; Maha El Tantawi; Ayodeji Babatunde Oginni; Abiola A. Adeniyi; Tracy L. Finlayson
    Early childhood caries (ECC) is caries in children below the age of 72 months. The aim of the study was to determine the association of maternal psychosocial factors (general anxiety, dental anxiety, sense of coherence, parenting stress, fatalism, social support, depressive symptoms, and executive dysfunction), decision-making abilities, education, income and caries status with the prevalence and severity of ECC among children resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. A dataset of 1549 mother–child (6–71-months-old) dyads collected through examinations and a household survey, using validated psychometric tools to measure the psychosocial factors, were analyzed. The DMFT for the mothers and the dmft for the child were determined. The association between maternal psychosocial factors, education, income, and decision-making ability, the prevalence of maternal caries, and the prevalence of ECC was determined using logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of maternal caries was 3.3%, and the mean (standard deviation-SD) DMFT was 0.10 (0.76). The ECC prevalence was 4.3%, and the mean (SD) dmft was 0.13 (0.92). There was no significant difference between the prevalence and severity of maternal caries and ECC by maternal age, education, income, or decision-making abilities. There was also no significant difference in maternal caries, ECC prevalence and ECC severity by maternal psychosocial factors. The only significant association was between the prevalence of caries in the mother and children: children whose mothers had caries were over six times more likely to have ECC than were children with mothers who had no caries (AOR: 6.67; 95% CI 3.23–13.79;). The significant association between ECC and maternal caries prevalence suggests that prenatal oral health care for mothers may reduce the risk for ECC.
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    Country profile of the epidemiology and clinical management of early childhood caries.
    (Frontiers in Public Health, 2020-04-30) Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; El Tantawi, Maha; Ramos-Gomez, Francisco; Sabbah, Wael
    Early childhood caries (ECC) is the presence of decayed (cavitated and non-cavitated), filled and missing teeth due to caries, affecting the primary dentition in children less than 72 months old (1). It is the most common non-communicable disease in children (2) and a global endemic problem with those socially disadvantaged (ethnic minorities, immigrants, those of low socioeconomic status or from resource-limited settings) being most affected. The negative impact of ECC on the quality of life, growth, social development, and neurodevelopment of affected children makes it ethically imperative that public epidemiological and clinical management of ECC improves (3). Whether treated or not, ECC is a high-risk factor for caries in the first permanent molar, as highlighted by Songur et al. in this topical issue. Four other manuscripts in this special issue emphasize the urgency of addressing the endemic ECC problem. Musinguzi et al. highlighted that the prevalence of ECC in rural Uganda was 48.6% in 3–5-year-olds, and Castillo et al. showed it was as high as 76.2% in 3–5-year-olds in Peru. Also, Pierce et al. reported a prevalence of 98% in some parts of Canada, and Amalia et al. reported a prevalence of 100% in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Twenty years after establishing the definition of ECC, we know a lot more about ECC prevention and management (4), but we still know little about cost-effective integrated management of ECC that can control the disease using life course approaches appropriate for various cultural settings. The World Health Organization guidance document (2) promotes integration of oral healthcare into existing primary care systems. In this special issue, Villalta et al. describe how an integrated primary care model improved the knowledge and attitudes of caregivers regarding child oral health care, and Castillo et al. discuss policies, taxes, and guidelines on ECC management and labeling of food sugar content that are addressing the huge ECC problem in Peru. Policies and taxes are strong tools for addressing structural barriers and enhancing actions for disease control, as we have learnt from tobacco control programs (5). Increased availability of ECC data will help improve the design and implementation of context-specific public oral health responses to control the disease through which we can learn about effective public health ECC control responses. The epidemiological profiles of ECC in Canada (Pierce et al.), Indonesia (Amalia et al.), Israel (Shmueli et al.), and Peru (Castillo et al.) that were presented in this issue add to our understanding of the risk factors for ECC.
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    Getting to zero the biomedical way in Africa: outcomes of deliberation at the 2013 Biomedical HIV Prevention Forum in Abuja, Nigeria.
    (Springer Link, 2014-09-11) Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Gottemoeller, Megan; Mburu, Rosemary; Brown, Brandon
    Over the last few decades, biomedical HIV prevention research had engaged multiple African stakeholders. There have however been few platforms to enable regional stakeholders to engage with one another. In partnership with the World AIDS Campaign International, the Institute of Public Health of Obafemi Awolowo University, and the National Agency for the Control of AIDS in Nigeria, the New HIV Vaccine and Microbicide Advocacy Society hosted a forum on biomedical HIV prevention research in Africa. Stakeholders' present explored evidences related to biomedical HIV prevention research and development in Africa, and made recommendations to inform policy, guidelines and future research agenda.
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    Factors Associated With Experiences of Fear, Anxiety, Depression, and Changes in Sleep Pattern During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Adults in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
    (Frontiers in Public Health, 2022-03-02) Moroj A. Aldarmasi
    For many individuals, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a source of fear, depression, and anxiety; all of which can lead to changes in sleep quality and patterns. Multiple facets and characteristics of the pandemic can be attributed to these outcomes. Concerns about mortality and morbidity associated with the COVID-19, scarcity of financial resources, and uncertainty about time of recovery from associated financial hardships are partly to blame (1). Patients with COVID-19 also fear abandonment, feelings of isolation and psychological sufferings (1). Some may fear infecting friends and family members, otherwise known as contamination fear (2–4). The fear of the unknown appears to be a core component of anxiety that accompanies situations that are unpredictable and uncontrollable (5, 6). Fear of these threats is often learned, irrespective of the probability of its occurrence, and results from the inability to tolerate uncertainty (7). The intolerance of uncertainty is also related to depressive symptomatology, and the fear of COVID-19 may explain part of the relation (8). The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with up to a seven times higher prevalence of depression (9) and over 25% mental deterioration in some populations (10, 11). Persons with prior history of mental health disorders had higher rates of depression during the pandemic (12). Depressive symptoms were associated with testing positive for COVID-19 or having COVID-19 symptoms, exposure to social media, poor social support, unemployment, uncertainty about the future of jobs, and careers and economic crisis, especially for students (9). As with fear, depression is associated with anxiety (13, 14). The prevalence of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic is higher than 30% (15); and anxiety is higher in people with poor health (16). Anxiety disorder may lead to dysfunctional arousal that in turn results in persistent sleep-wake difficulties such as insomnia and hypersomnia (17, 18). Sleep disturbance is also a diagnostic symptom for generalized anxiety disorder (19), with young people being the worse-affected (20). Though the prevalence of sleep problems, fear, anxiety and depression increased during the pandemic (21, 22), the impact may, however, differ between populations (23, 24). Fear, anxiety, depression and sleep disorder may be lower in the general population than it is in populations living with co-morbidities. Understanding the association between negative emotions and sleep pattern during the COVID-19 pandemic is important. However, research in this field is scarce (20). We hypothesize that respondent's COVID-19 related status would be associated with the experience of fear, depression, anxiety and changes in sleep pattern during the pandemic; that more people living with HIV will experience fear, anxiety, depression and sleep disorder; and that more people with fear, anxiety, depression and sleep disorder will use COVID-19 preventive measures.