Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences

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    Open Access
    A study of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli among clinical isolates of tertiary hospital in Osun State, Nigeria
    (Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University., 2023) Olayinka, Ademola Adetayo
    This study characterised Gram-negative clinical isolates obtained from the culture of clinical samples, determined the prevalence of carbapenem-resistance (CR) in Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) isolates, assessed the susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant isolates to selected antibacterial agents, and identified genetic determinants and relatedness of carbapenem-resistance in the GNB isolates. These were with a view to providing informationon the basis for appropriate therapeutic interventions in the management of Carbapenem-Resistance Gram-negative-bacilli \(CR-GNB) infections.
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    Open Access
    Assessment of Indices of Cardiac, Haematologic, Autonomic Functions and Intelligence in Young Adults with sickle cell Anaemia in Ile ife,Nigeria
    (Faculty of Medical Sciences ,Obafemi Awolowo University, 2023) Asafa Murital Abiola
    This study determined the effect of haemoglobin (Hb) SS on body mass index, body surface area, cormic index and subischial leg length of the subjects; evaluated the effect of Hb SS on red blood cell indices and morphology, platelet count and white blood cell count; investigated the effect of Hb SS on cardiac autonomic functions; resting blood pressure indices and electrocardiogram of the subjects, assessed the effect of Hb SS on oxygen saturation and some markers of oxidative stress; and determined the effect of Hb SS on intelligence. These were with a view to providing information on the influence of Hb SS on growth, physiology of blood, cardiovascular health and cognitive function. This was a comparative descriptive study of 100 young adult (18 – 40 years) participants. They were classified into two groups; 50 cases (participants with Hb SS) and 50 control (participants with Hb AA). The cases and controls were age-and sex-matched. Ethical approval was granted by Ethics and Research Committee of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. The anthropometric measurement was obtained by using Seca stadiometer-model 216, blood pressure indices by using a validated digital sphygmomanometer, electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry method, level of intelligence using Modified Ravens Progressive Matrices tool and cardiac autonomic functions by non-invasive method (blood pressure (BP) response to standing, BP response to sustained handgrip, heart rate (HR) response to Valsalva maneouvre, HR variation with deep breathing and HR response to standing) of the participants were obtained following standard protocol and formulae. Blood samples were also collected for full blood count and oxidative stress markers. The data were analyzed using student t-test, pearson correlation and chi-square. The p-value of p < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. The mean values of weight in kg [54.39 ± 5.54 vs 60.48 ± 8.65 (t=-4.195, p = 0.0001], body mass index in kg/m2 [19.58 ± 2.08 vs 21.48 ± 2.91 (t = 6.068; p = 0.0001)], cormic index in cm [44.71 ± 6.05 vs 50.03 ± 1.33 (t = -3.760; p = 0.0001)] and body surface area in m2 [1.59 ± 0.09 vs 1.68 ± 0.14 (t = -3.798, p = 0.0001)] were significantly lower while subischial leg length in cm [92.22 ± 10.76 vs 83.84 ± 4.41 (t = 5.092, p = 0.0001)] were significantly higher in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively. The mean values of red blood cells [2.82 x 106 ± 0.53 x 106 vs 4.76 x 106 ± 0.48 x 106 (t =-18.937, p = 0.0001)] were significantly lower while the platelet [365.22 x 103 ± 150.31 x 103 vs 213.44 x 103 ± 70.28 x 103 (t = 6.468, p = 0.0001)] were significantly higher in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively. The mean values of systolic blood pressure in mmHg [110.78 ± 10.82 vs 114.94 ± 9.49 (t = -2.044, p = 0.044)], mean arterial blood pressure in mmHg [82.02 ± 8.38 vs 89.69 ± 7.92 (t = -4.702, p = 0.0001)] were significantly lower while the pulse pressure in mmHg [43.14 ± 7.78 vs 37.88 ± 8.14 (t=3.303, p = 0.0001)] were significantly higher in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively. The mean values of oxygen saturation in % [95.52 ± 3.00 vs 98.06 ± 0.79 (t=-5.779, p = 0.0001)] and intelligence [99.24 ± 15.17 vs 107.96 ± 10.00 (t = -3.397, p = 0.001)] were significantly lower in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively. The mean resting heart rate in beats per minute [73.97 ± 10.05 vs 69.42 ± 7.10 (t=2.628, p = 0.010)], left ventricular voltage in mV [4.44 ± 2.00 vs 2.85 ± 0.98 (t = 5.052, t = 0.0001)] were significantly lower in Hb SS than Hb AA respectively. In conclusion, this study showed that Hb SS causes lower weight, sitting height, BMI, BSA and cormic index but higher subischial leg length, low red blood cells with high platelet and white blood cells, altered heart rate variability and increased left ventricular voltage which is an independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death.
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    Open Access
    Characteristics and Determinats of Shared Sanitation Among low in-come households in Ogbomosho North LGA, oyo state, Nigeria
    (Department of Community Healty, Falcuty of Clinical Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Nigeria., 2023) FAMIYESIN, Olatokunbo Wilson
    This study assessed households' perception on the cleanliness of shared sanitation in Ogbomosho North LGA, Oyo State, Nigeria; identified the challenges and factors associated with its use and maintenance; and explored the relationship among sociodemographic characteristics and faeco oral related health evidences associated with the use of shared sanitation services. These were with the view to providing information that might be useful in designing adequate sensitization on hygienic utilisation and maintenance of shared sanitation facilities among households. The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey that utilised mixed method of data collection. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 308 household-heads that used shared sanitation facilities. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee, Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University and the LGA Water and Environmental department. Quantitative data were collected using a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, while the qualitative data were collected from nine household-heads who were purposively selected and interviewed using in-depth interview guide. Observational checklist was used to assess the condition of shared sanitation facilities. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 24; descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. The level of significance is determined at p<0.05. The qualitative data were transcribed, coded and analysed using thematic content analysis. The mean age of household-heads was 51.8±14.1years, 78.4% of the participants were female and 95.7% of the participants used shared sanitation facility. Ninety percent had good knowledge of the health impact associated with the use of shared toilet facilities. On-site observation and the perception of participants revealed the facilities were unclean and not in good condition based on users’ attitudes and practice towards cleanliness and maintenance of those facilities. Some xxi households’ belief it’s a taboo to use toilet, since the days of their fore-fathers they’ve been defecating on dumpsites which attract the spirit of their ancestors to visit and eat those deposits at night which in-turn help household members in their endeavour. Study revealed 58.9% of households have positive attitude towards shared latrine access and utilization; sixty-four percent have negative attitude towards sanitation and health promotion and forty-three percent clean the shared toilet once a week. Attitudes toward sanitation and health promotion were found to be statistically significant with marital status (p= 0.001), house ownership (p= 0.040), and years of living in the house (p= 0.010), which implies taking ownership of the shared sanitation facility influences cleanliness and maintenance. Cleanliness satisfaction was significantly associated with their marital status (p = 0.020). Contributory factors to unhygienic conditions of shared toilets include; cultural influence, community norms, nonchalant attitude of users, ignorance and lack of monitoring. The study revealed household members were twice more likely to contract disease (OR = 1.865, CI = 0.0889–39.155) and two times more likely to get sick (OR = 1.724, CI = 0.555–5.349) if filthy shared toilets are used. Diarrhoea, cholera, malaria, and dysentery are resultant health impacts of using unhygienic shared toilets. The study concluded that poor maintenance and households’ attitude influenced the unclean condition of shared sanitation facilities and their utilization.
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    Correlation of anthropometric parameters with serum luteinizing hormone and progesterone levels for the prediction of ovulation in infertile women in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
    (Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of basic medical sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife., 2024) Akaninyene, Eseme Ubom.
    This study assessed the anthropometry parameters such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHtR), neck circumference (NC) and cormic index (CI) in infertile and fertile women, measured serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (P4) in infertile and fertile women, correlated BMI, WHR, WHtR, NC and CI with Day 3 serum LH levels, and correlated BMI, WHR, WHtR, NC and CI with mid-luteal serum P4 levels. These were with a view to providing information on the possible correlation between maternal anthropometric parameters and the established clinical hormonal levels in predicting ovulation in infertile women. The Research and Ethics Committee of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, granted ethical approval for this study (ERC/2024/04/11). Sixty women were equally assigned into three groups of 20 women each: Group I- Anovulatory infertile women, Group II- Ovulatory infertile women, and Group III- Fertile women controls. The anthropometric parameters such as BMI, CI, WHR, WHtR, NC and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) were measured and recorded twice for all the women- on days 3 and 21 of their menstrual cycles. On days 3 and 21 of their menstrual cycles, 5 ml of venous blood was obtained from all the women and analysed in the Chemical Pathology laboratory, OAUTHC, to determine the LH and P4 levels, respectively. Serum levels of LH and P4 in the blood samples were determined using the iChroma autoanalyzer (Boditech Med Inc., Republic of Korea). Correlation of anthropometric parameters with serum levels of P4 and LH was carried out with Pearson correlation coefficient. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was utilised to determine the critical values of BMI, CI, WHR, WHtR, TSF, and NC for the prediction of ovulation. A P value < 0.05 determined statistical significance. The results showed that there were no significant differences between day 3 and day 21 anthropometric measurements of BMI (26.56 ± 6.26 kg/m2vs. 26.56 ± 6.26 kg/m2; P= 0.999), CI (44.75 ± 3.21 vs. 44.75 ± 3.21; P= 1.000), WHR (0.86 ± 0.07 vs. 0.86 ± 0.07; P= 0.969), WHtR (0.55 ± 0.08 vs. 0.55 ± 0.08; P= 0.991), NC (34.01 ± 4.10 cm vs. 34.01 ± 4.10 cm; P= 0.995), and TSF (7.92 ± 2.90 cm vs. 7.92 ± 2.91 cm; P= 0.990). Body mass index (r= 0.035), CI (r= 0.047), WHtR (r= 0.023), TSF (r= 0.028), WHR (r= -0.029) and NC (r= -0.029) had weak correlations with day 3 LH. Mid-luteal P4 had significant moderate negative correlations with BMI (r= -0.434) and WHtR (r= -0.346), and weak correlations with CI (r= 0.186), WHR (r= -0.009), NC (r= -0.241) and TSF (r= -0.060). Cormic index correlated significantly with WHtR (r= 0.265). A CI of ≤ 43.6 was the best predictor of ovulation with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.659, and a sensitivity of 78.8%. A WHR of ≤ 0.83 was the second most accurate predictor of ovulation with an AUC of 0.559, and a sensitivity of 77.8%. The study concluded that cormic index could potentially be used alone, or in combination with waist-hip ratio and waist-height ratio, to predict ovulation amongst infertile wome
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    Open Access
    Dose optimisation and effectiveness of vertical oscillatory pressure on some clinical and psychosocial variables of patients with chronic lowback pain
    (Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria., 2022) TAOFIK Oluwasegun Afolabi
    This study was aimed to assess the feasibility and validation of a Digital Pressure Sensor Machine (DPSM) for pressure magnitude detection during Vertical Oscillatory Pressure (VOP), predicted and characterised the optimal dosage for VOP based on the Digital Pressure Magnitude (DPM), number of oscillation and frequency of treatment, somatotype and pain intensity. Also, the study evaluated the dose-response of VOP on clinical variables (Pain Intensity (PI), spinal range of motion (SROM) and Disability Level (DL)) and psychosocial variables (fear avoidance belief (FABQ) and Health-Related Quality of life (HQol)) domains of patients with Low Back Pain (LBP). Furthermore, the effects of dose-specific (dVOP) and non-dose specific VOP (ndVOP) based on clinical and psychosocial variables of the patients with LBP were compared.. These were with a view to determining the usability and validity of DPSM and optimising dose of VOP required for effective treatment of patient with LBP. Eighty-seven participants (Physiotherapist (n=14), patient with chronic LBP (n=63)) were purposively recruited for this three-stage research which involved feasibility, validation and implementation of DPSM. In stage 1, 14 Physiotherapists tested the feasibility and validity of DPSM using System Usability Scale (SUS) and Pain Pressure Threshold Scale. For stage 2, predicting the optimal dose of VOP based on DPM, number of oscillation, frequency of treatment among patient with chronic LBP (n=24) was carried out. In stage 3, Implementing the DPSM for VOP application was by a randomized control trial involving group I ( dVOP;n=24) and group 2 (ndVOP; n= 25).Relative effectiveness of both dVOP and ndVOP were tested in term of PI, SROM, FAB, DL and HRQol domains using QVAS, Finger to Floor method, FABQ, ODI and HSQ (SF-12) respectively at baseline, week 3 and 6 respectively of the study. Alpha level was set at p< 0.05. The study showed that DPSM had a usability rating of 50% and 14.3% of good and excellent respectively. The mean SUS score was 74% out of 100% . also, DPSM has 50% sensitivity, 33% specificity, 20% positive prediction and 67% negative prediction values . PI (β= 0.288, p= 0.181), somatotype (β = -112, p=0.624), weight (β= 0.379, p=0.102), height (β=- 017, p=0.935) were not significant predictors of DPM. Within group comparison across week indicated that there dVOP has significant effect on PI (F= 561.44, p=0.000), SROM (FF (F=27.02,p=0.000; BB(F=528.19,p=0.000), HRQol (PH (F= 1309, p= 0.000; MH(F=1309,p= 0.000), FAB (F=522.27, p=0.000), DL (F= 320.64, p=0.000). Between group comparison showed that dVOP had more effect on PI (p<0.05) and FAB (p< 0.05) compared to ndVOP. This study concluded that DPSM had good to excellent usability during VOP. Also it was 50% sensitive and 33% specific rating in application. Both dVOP and ndVOP were effective on clinical and psychosocial variables. Moreover, dVOP has superior effect on PI and FAB.
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    Embargo
    Effects of ethanol extract of senecio biafrae (asteraceae) leaves on the liver of adult wistar rats following mercury chloride–induced hepatotoxicity anthony
    (Department of Anatomy and cell biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile–Ife, Nigeria, 2025) Anthony, Oluwasesan Ibitoye.
    This study assessed the effects of ethanol extract of Senecio biafrae leaves (EESBL) on the histoarchitecture and histomorphometry of the liver of adult Wistar rats following mercury chloride - induced hepatotoxicity; investigated the effects of the extract on the structure of the rats’ liver cells cytoskeleton; evaluated the effects of extract on the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) in the serum and liver of the rats; and determined the effects of the extract on the activity of liver marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum and liver of the rats. These were with a view to providing insights into the actions of Senecio biafrae on liver protection and amelioration. Ethical clearance was obtained from Health Research Ethic Committee of Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Forty-two adult Wistar rats were assigned into seven groups of six rats each. Rats in group 1 were administered with 2 mL/kg distilled water for 42 days, while groups 2-7 rats were given 4 mg/kg of mercury chloride, orally, for 21 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration of mercury chloride, group 2 rats were sacrificed immediately, group 3 rats were observed for the next 21 days, group 4 rats were given 2 mg/kg of Silymarin, 12 hourly, orally for 21 days while, group 4, 5, and 6 rats were given 300, 400 and 600 mg/kg of ethanol extract of Senecio biafrae leaves respectively, orally for 21 days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Tissues were processed via paraffin embedding method and 5 µm thick sections were obtained on a rotary microtome and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Gridley’s silver impregnation, periodic acid – Schiff with diastase control and Feulgen reaction for demonstration of general histoarchitecture, reticulin fibers, glycogen deposition and deoxyribonucleic acid respectively. Data collected were analyzed using One-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Results were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean, with significance set at p< 0.0001, F = 1061.00; p < 0.0001; and F = 155.00; p < 0.0001, respectively), when compared with control group rats (15.90 ± 7.65, 21.8 ± 5.16 and 17.10 ± 0.83 IU/L, respectively). It also reduced the concentration level of glutathione (0.0499 ± 0.0013 mM; 0.1897 ± 0.0209 mM) and activities of superoxide dismutase (0.37 ± 0.03; 1.22 ± 0.01 Unit/L) and catalase (0.81 ± 0.05; 0.98 ± 0.21 units/ml), in the liver and serum of group 2 rats when compared with the control group rats (0.3797 ± 0.0033 mM; 2.5720 ± 0.0038 mM, 1.88 ± 0.01 Unit/L; 1.90 ± 0.08 Unit/L and 2.35 ± 0.09 units/ml; 3.12 ± 0.29 units/ml), respectively) (F = 656.90; p < 0.0001, F = 484.00; p < 0.0001; and F = 37.00; p < 0.0001, respectively). The study concluded that the EESBL was able to ameliorate mercury chloride-induced hepatocellular injury due to its ability to scavenge free radicals and augment endogenous antioxidants. As a result, EESBL may be a viable option for treating and controlling liver– induced mercury toxicity. EESBL reversed most of these changes in a dose-dependent manner with the highest efficacy at the high dose treated group (600 mg/kg) comparable to silymarin-treated group.
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    Open Access
    Effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate iontophoresis on Cartilage thickening, clinical variables and selected biomarkers in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
    (Department of Medical rehabilitation, Faculty of Basic medical sciences. Obafemi Awolowo University., 2022) LASISI, Kamil
    This study determined the extent of cartilage degeneration and concentration of interleukin-6 and uric acid in knee osteoarthritis (OA); evaluated the effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate iontophoresis on clinical variables and selected biomarkers among patients with knee OA; assessed the effects of chondroitin sulphate iontophoresis on clinical variables, cartilage thickening and selected biomarkers among patients with knee OA. It also compared the effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate iontophoresis on clinical variables and selected biomarkers among patients with knee OA. These were with a view to providing information on the role of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate iontophoresis in cartilage remodeling using interleuking-6 and uric acid as biomarkers.The participants for this randomized case control study were 78 purposively selected individuals with grade II knee OA who were randomly assigned to three groups with 26 participants in each group. Group one participants received 1g of glucosamine sulphate (GS) through iontophoresis while group two received 1g of chondroitin sulphate (CS) iontophoresis using trans-arthral electrode placement technique (40mA- min as dosage). Group three served as control and had baseline intervention in form of quadriceps muscle exercise (1RM, 10 reps and 3 sets) twice a week for 12 weeks. Quadruple Visual Analogue Scale (QVAS) was used to rate the pain while goniometer was used to assess the active knee flexion motion. Physical function was assessed using the WOMAC Questionnaire. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)–6 and uric acid were determined by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). The cartilage thickening (Joint spaced with [JSW]) was measured using a 7- to 12-MHz linear probe. Standard procedures were used for all measurements at baseline, 4th, 8th and 12th week. Descriptive statistics of means and standard deviation were used to summarize the data. The Inferential statistics of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskawallis test were used to compare the variables. Alpha level was set at p < 0.05. There were significant reductions in the serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (21.274 ± 3.183pg/ml to 18.977 ± 3.271pg/ml) and uric acid (6.589 ± 1.401 pg/ml to 5.106 ± 1.705 pg/ml at 12th week), (p = 0.001) for Glucosamine Sulphate group. Similar reductions were observed for both Chondroitin Sulphate and the control groups (p = 0.001 and p = 0.022) respectively. The serum concentration of interleukin-6 of participants in CS group (16.984 ±2.384 pg/ml) was significantly lower compared to that of the Glucosamine sulphate group (18.976 ± 3.271 pg/ml), (p = 0.001) at the 12th week. However, there were no significant changes in uric acid concentrations and the JSW after 12 weeks across the 3 groups. Both interventions significantly alleviated pain (66.538 ±8.918 to 30.769 ± 6.884 and 71.538 ± 6.748 to 15.7659 ± 9.021within the GS and CS groups respectively on a QVAS scale of 100 (p = 0.001). There were significant improvements in the Functional Activity Level (FAL) for the GS group (62.533 ±7.206 to 37.053 ± 5.916; H= 205.625, p = 0.001) and CS (57.428 ± 5.844 to 29.976 ± 3.223, H= 423.374, p = 0.001) on the WOMAC scale. The administration of CS (Mean rank = 29.977) iontophoresis significantly improved the Functional Activity Level than Glucosamine sulphate (Mean rank = 7.053; H = 19.89, p = 0.001). The ranges of motion also significantly increased within the GS and CS groups at the 12th week (96.385 ±8.859 to 119.23 ±5.44 degrees and 92.365 ±10.280 to 124.42 ±5.64 degrees respectively (p = 0.001). However; there was no significant difference in the range of motion across the 3 groups. The study concluded that both Glucosamine and Chondroitin sulphate iontophoresis are effective in alleviating pain and improving physical functions but the later showed higher efficacy. However, the interventions did not show significant chondroprotective effects on cartilage thickening.
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    Open Access
    EVALUATION OF SERUM FREE LIGHT CHAINS AS MARKERS OF DISEASE SEVERITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA IN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
    (Department of Haematology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical sciences. Obafemi Awolowo University, 2022) Gbotosho Olabisi Abosede
    The aim of this study is to determine the haematological parameters, disease severity, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum β2 microglobulin, serum creatinine and serum free light chains kappa and lambda of newly diagnosed CLL patients; and assess the relationship between the pattern of free light chains and the measured parameters, with the view to improve treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.
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    Open Access
    Evaluation of serum free light chains as markers of disease severity in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in southwestern Nigeria.
    (Department Of Haematology and Immumology, Faculty Of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, 2022) Gbotosho, Olabisi Abosede
    The aim of this study is to determine the haematological parameters, disease severity, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum β2 microglobulin, serum creatinine and serum free light chains kappa and lambda of newly diagnosed CLL patients; and assess the relationship between the pattern of free light chains and the measured parameters, with the view to improve treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Thirty-three newly diagnosed CLL patients were enrolled into the study using convenience sampling method. Patients with other chronic illnesses or in disease transformation were excluded. Ethical approval was obtained from the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, general physical and systemic examination was also collected for each eligible patient, after informed consent was obtained. Clinical disease severity score was determined using the Binet staging system. Ten milliliters of venous blood were collected; 5ml were anticoagulated using EDTA to obtain haematological parameters from an haemo-autoanalyzer; and for making peripheral blood film using standard operating procedures. The remaining 5ml of blood was dispensed into a plain bottle to obtain serum using standard operating procedures. The sera collected were stored at -200C and batch tested for serum free light chains, kappa and lambda, from which the kappa/lambda ratio was calculated, β2-microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine. Numerical values were reported as frequency, percentage, median, interquartile range, minimum and maximum values. Bivariate analysis was used for continuous variables while chi-square test was used for non-continuous variables data. A p-value ≤ 0.05 or 95% CI (CI=95%) was defined as statistical significance. The results showed that age range of the studied population was between 44 and 71, with a median age of 56years (51.5-64.0). There were 17 (51.5%) males and 16 (48.5%) females. The majority (45.5%) were traders, whilst 30.3% were retirees, 18.2% were civil servants, and 6.1% were artisans. At presentation, 18.2% were in Binet stage A, 6.1% in Binet stage B, while 75.8% were in Binet stage C. The median haemoglobin value was 10.0g/dl (8.05-11.5). The median packed cell volume was 31.0% (25.0-34.0), the median platelet count was 89,000x109/μl (73,600-211,300), the median white cell count was 85,740 x109/μl (64,200-134,600), the median absolute lymphocyte count was 76,200x109/μl (59,685-127,300), the median absolute neutrophil count was 4,960 x109/μl (3,323-8,596), the median absolute eosinophil count was 140x109/μl (100-260), the median basophil count was 300x109/μl (180-660) and the median monocyte count was 0.00x109/μl (0.0-350). Serum kappa median value was 982mg/l (770-1215) and lambda median value was 440mg/l (351-496). The median value of the calculated kappa-lambda ratio (k/λ) was 2.33 (1.95-2.56).The β2-microglobulin median value was 6.38μg/ml (5.78-6.91), the LDH median value was 207μg/l (176-981) and creatinine median value was 1.17mg/dl (0.88-1.62). The FLC pattern showed that 87.9% of the patients had kappa light chain clonality, 12.1% had polyclonality, while none had lambda light chain clonality. There is a significant direct relationship between FLC-r and disease severity (f=0.833, p<0.001), β2-microglobulin (r =0.38, p=0.030) and a significant inverse relationship between FLC-r and haemoglobin (r= -0.52, p=0.002) and platelet (r= -0.44, p=0.011). The relationships between FLC-r and LDH, creatinine, white cell count and differentials were weak and insignificant (p>0.05). The study concluded that free light chain ratio has a surrogate biomarker relationship with disease severity and may be a useful tool for the assessment of disease prognosis in CLL in nigerian patients.
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    Open Access
    Evaluation of serum free light chains as markers of disease severity in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukamia in southwestern Nigeria.
    (Department of Haematology and Immunlogy, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Obafemi Awolowo University., 2022) GBOTOSHO Olabisi Abosede
    The aim of this study is to determine the haematological parameters, disease severity, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum β2 microglobulin, serum creatinine and serum free light chains kappa and lambda of newly diagnosed CLL patients; and assess the relationship between the pattern of free light chains and the measured parameters, with the view to improve treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Thirty-three newly diagnosed CLL patients were enrolled into the study using convenience sampling method. Patients with other chronic illnesses or in disease transformation were excluded. Ethical approval was obtained from the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, general physical and systemic examination was also collected for each eligible patient, after informed consent was obtained. Clinical disease severity score was determined using the Binet staging system. Ten milliliters of venous blood were collected; 5ml were anticoagulated using EDTA to obtain haematological parameters from an haemo-autoanalyzer; and for making peripheral blood film using standard operating procedures. The remaining 5ml of blood was dispensed into a plain bottle to obtain serum using standard operating procedures. The sera collected were stored at -200C and batch tested for serum free light chains, kappa and lambda, from which the kappa/lambda ratio was calculated, β2-microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine. Numerical values were reported as frequency, percentage, median, interquartile range, minimum and maximum values. Bivariate analysis was used for continuous variables while chi-square test was used for non-continuous variables data. A p-value ≤ 0.05 or 95% CI (CI=95%) was defined as statistical significance
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    Open Access
    Evaluation of the role of omega-3 acids in nicotine-induced neurotoxicity in pregnant wistar rats and their pups
    (Department Of Physiological Sciences, Faculty Of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University., 2023) Omole, Joseph Gbenga
    This study evaluated the sensorimotor reflexes, motor strength and co-ordination in the mother Wistar rats and their pups, and the effects of nicotine and treatment with Omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation on memory of mother rats and their pups. It also determined the levels of markers of brain injury such as, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF -α) in the mother rats and their pups, assessed the effect of nicotine and Omega-3 fatty acids on the brain metabolic enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6P) as well as brain neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA) in the brain of the mother Wistar rats and their pups; determined the effects of nicotine and Omega-3 fatty acids on the enzymatic anti-oxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nonenzymatic anti-oxidant such as reduced glutathione (GSH) in the brain of the mother rats and their pups; and assessed the histology of cerebellum and hippocampus of the mother rats and pups. Ethical clearance (IPH/OAU/12/1925) for the study was obtained from Health Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the Institute of Public Health, College of Health Sciences,Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. Thirty adults female Wistar rats and ten adult male Wistar rats of 10-12 weeks of age were used for this study. The female rats were randomly divided into six groups such that each group contained five rats. Ten male rats were distributed into five out of the six cages, such that the male: female ratio in the five cages was 2:5. Groups I and II (non- Pregnant and pregnant rats) were treated with 1ml/kg/day of normal saline for 42 days; III (pregnant rats) were treated with 4 mg/kg/day of nicotine for 42 days; IV (pregnant rats) were co-administered nicotine 4 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day of Omega-3 fatty acids for 42 days; V (pregnant rats) were co-administered nicotine 4 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day of Omega-3 fatty acids for 42 days, and VI (pregnant rats) were co-administered nicotine 4mg/kg/day and 600 mg/kg/day of Omega-3 fatty acids for 42 days. Nicotine and Omega-3 fatty acids were administered orally. Neurobehavioral tests were performed on the mother rats and their pups following standard protocol. Biochemical parameters such as DA, SOD, GSH, AChE, G6P, IL-6, TNF-alpha and cas-3 were assayed in the brain tissue homogenate using appropriate biochemical kits. Histology of the cerebellum and hippocampus was carried out using Hematoxylin & Eosin stain. Data was analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance followed by Neuman keul’s post hoc tests. The results were considered significant when P<0.05. The beam walk time of the mother rats in groups III and IV (9.00 ± 0.32 and 8.00 ± 0.32 seconds) were significantly higher (F= 11.59; p= 0.0001) when compared with groups I, II, V and VI (6.00 ± 0.45; 6.40 ± 0.51; 5.80 ± 0.37 and 6.00 ± 0.32 seconds, respectively). Similarly, the beam walk time of the pups in groups III and IV (17.20 ± 0.97 and 15.60 ± 0.81 seconds)were significantly higher (F=40.67; p=0.0001) when compared with the pups in groups II, V and VI (6.80 ± 0.58; 9.60 ± 0.51 and 8.20 ± 0.66 seconds respectively). The brain DA levels of mother rats in groups III, IV and V (24.12 ± 1.74; 18.43 ± 1.64 and 13.97 ± 1.57 pg/ml) were significantly higher (F= 56.45; p=0.0001) when compared with groups I, II and VI (5.37 ± 0.83; 5.13 ± 0.75 and 6.38 ± 1.20 pg/ml respectively). Similar result was obtained for brain DA levels of the pups in groups III and IV when compared with the pups in groups II, V and VI. The GSH of groups III and IV (7.01 ± 0.46 and 10.94 ± 0.95 μ/mg protein) were significantly lower (F= 13.10; p= 0.0001) when compared with groups I, II, V and VI (11.63 ± 0.70; 11.41 ± 0.84; 10.55 ± 0.50 and 13.07 ± 1.21 μ/mg protein). Similarly, Pup rats in groups III and IV (9.20 ± 0.79 and 7.81 ± 1.28 μ/mg protein) had significantly lower (F= 7.208; p= 0.0019) GSH when compared with the pup in groups II, V and VI (15.35 ± 1.74; 12.43 ± 0.81 and 13.56 ± 0.87 μ/mg protein.Photomicrographs of cerebellum and hippocampus of the rats treated with nicotine showed scattered arrangement of pyramidal cells with vacuolated neurons. These alterations were significantly reversed with Omega-3 fatty acids following nicotine exposure. The study concluded that Omega-3 fatty acids at 300 and 600mg/kg ameliorated nicotineinduced neurotoxicity in rat. However, the highest dose seems to be most effective in ameliorating nicotine-induced neurotoxicity in rats
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    Gait characteristics and balance performance in hemiparetic stroke survivors.
    (Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, 2010) Adebimpe Olayinka OBEMIBE
    The purpose of this study was to assess the gait characteristics [gait speed, cadence, stride length, step length, step width and foot angle] balance performance [balance confidence and functional reach distance] and walking ability of hemiparetic stroke survivors and to determine the effects of gender, type of stroke and laterality on these variables. This was carried out with a view of improving the gait and balance assessments and retraining of stroke survivors.
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    Impact of respectful maternity care (RMC) training workshop on nursing practice in selected maternity care facilities in Kwara state, Nigeria
    (Department of nursing science, faculty of basic medical science, OAU, 2022) ADEGBITE, Temilade Mujidat
    This study assessed the level of knowledge; compared the practice of Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) among nurse-midwives that were trained and those that were not trained; described the pattern of RMC received by the clients that attended health facilities in which their nurse-midwives were trained and those that were not trained; and examined the factors that influenced RMC practice in selected health facilities. These were with a view to providing information on nurse-midwives RMC practice
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    Impact Of Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) Training Workshop On Nursing Practice in Selected Maternity Care Faculties in Kwara State, Nigeria.
    (Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Department of Nursing Science, Obafemi Awolowo University., 2022) ADEGBITE, Mujidat Temilade
    This study assessed the level of knowledge; compared the practice of Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) among nurse-midwives that were trained and those that were not trained; described the pattern of RMC received by the clients that attended health facilities in which their nurse-midwives were trained and those that were not trained; and examined the factors that influenced RMC practice in selected health facilities. These were with a view to providing information on nurse-midwives RMC practice.
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    Nurses' wound care practices and treament outcomes in Obafemi Awolowo University teaching hospitals complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
    (Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University., 2022) Adewale, Muideen Adekola
    This study assessed nurses‘ knowledge of wound care, described the nurses‘ wound care practices, appraised nurses‘ wound dressing skills, identified barriers to the implementation of best wound care practice, and assessed the treatment outcomes of wound management in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile Ife. These were with a view to improving nurses‘ wound care practices in Nigeria. The study employed a concurrent mixed methods design. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of OAUTHC, Ile-Ife. All nurses in selected units of the hospital, who consented to participating in the study, formed the sample (254) for the quantitative phase of the study. The sample for the qualitative phase comprised 12 key informants. Data collection was conducted using a structured questionnaire, observation checklist and key informant interview guide. In addition, 143 case folders were reviewed and 30 patients were monitored for treatment outcomes. Data collection spanned over two months. Quantitative data collected were analysed with descriptive (frequency counts and percentages) and inferential statistics such as Kruskal Walli‘s and multiple logistic regression. Alpha level was set at p<0.05. The qualitative data was analysed using content and thematic analysis, with both quantitative and qualitative findings integrated before inferences were drawn. The quantitative results revealed that 41% of the nurses possessed a fair knowledge of wound care, 38% had good knowledge while 21% possessed poor knowledge. The majority (63.3%) demonstrated moderate wound dressing skills, while 20% possessed high skills and 16.7% had low skills. The results revealed gaps in wound care practices particularly in the area of infection control among the nurses. The results also established a significant association between clinical specialities and wound care practices (P = 0.014). Certification in wound care was particularly found to be a predictor of wound care knowledge among the nurses (P= 0.002; OR – 3.707; CI 8.564–1.607). The qualitative findings identified certain barriers to effective wound care practices in the study setting. These were financial constraints; lack of facilities; lack of opportunity for advanced training on wound care; disproportionate staff/patient ratio; non-availability of material resources such as modern wound dressing agents; and patients‘ non-compliance or poor adherence with clinic appointments. As regards the outcome of care, results showed that the majority (>60%) of the wounds recorded significant improvement with patients subsequently discharged home, leaving just 26.6% (which were mainly cases of extensive burn injury, oncology, diabetes mellitus) still receiving treatment as of the time of concluding the study. The study concluded that the overall nurses‘ wound care practices in the setting was relatively good and thus reflected in good treatment outcome, but there were deficiencies in their wound dressing infection control practices.
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    Perceived efficacy and utilisation of modern topical wound dressing agents among nurse in healthcare facilities in osun state, Nigeria
    (Department of Nursing Science, Obafemi Awolowo Unversity, 2023) Mustapha, Foluke Toyin
    This study assessed nurses’ perception of modern topical wound dressing agents (MTWDAs) in selected hospitals in Osun State; explored the level and context of use of MTWDAs among nurses;assessed the perceived efficacyof MTWDAs among nurses and identified factors influencing the utilisation of MTWDAs among nurses. These were with the view to providing empirical facts on perceived efficacy and level of utilisation of MTWDAs among nurses in Osun State.The study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed methods design. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the study setting. The settings of the study were Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Osun State University Teaching Hospital (UNIOSUNTH), Osogbo, State Hospital, Oke Ogbo, Ile-Ife and State Specialist Hospital, Asubiaro, Osogbo, Osun State. Ethical approvals were obtained from each of the health facilities, and informed consent obtained from each participant. Considering the small population of the nurses in selected units, all the nurses available in the units where wound care is regularly done participated in the study. A total of one hundred and eighty-four nurses were used for the quantitative phase of the study, while thirteen key informants that were purposively selected participated in the qualitative phase. Data were collected with the aid of a pretested structured questionnaire and a key informant interview schedule. Quantitative data were analysed using percentages, Pearson Chi-Square, and Multinomial logistic regression, while analysis of the qualitative data was done with content analysis. Hypotheses were tested with alpha value set at p < 0.05. The results showed that 53.8% of the nurses had a negative perception of MTWDAs, while 46.2% had a positive perception. The qualitative results yielded the various reasoning that informed both the negative perception of MTWDAs and the positive perception. A serendipitous finding of the study was the discovery of poor awareness/inadequate xviknowledge of MTWDAs, particularly among the State Hospital nurses. Results further revealed that 44.0% of the nurses reported high use of MTWDAs, 41.8% moderate use and 14.2% low use. There was however no significant relationship between the nurses’ perception of MTWDAs and their level of use of these agents (χ2 = 2.13; p = 0.34). Analysis of the narrative from informants revealed no clear cut pattern of use, and the level of use was basically relative to the context of use; mainly on infected wounds. Furthermore, results showed that 52.7% had high perceived efficacy of MTWDAs, 17.9% recorded moderate perceived efficacy, while 29.4% had low perceived efficacy.There was significant association between perceived efficacy and utilisation of modern topical wound dressing agents (χ2= 10.608; p = 0.031). Prominent among factors identified as influencing the utilisation of MTWDAs in this study werenurses’ knowledge of current trend in wound care (95.3%); nature of the wound (95.1%); and frequency of dressing change (87.0%). The study therefore concluded that despite the negative perception and inadequate knowledge of modern topical wound dressing agents, there was a high perceived efficacy and moderate use of the dressing agents among nurses in the study settingThis study assessed nurses’ perception of modern topical wound dressing agents (MTWDAs) in selected hospitals in Osun State; explored the level and context of use of MTWDAs among nurses;assessed the perceived efficacyof MTWDAs among nurses and identified factors influencing the utilisation of MTWDAs among nurses. These were with the view to providing empirical facts on perceived efficacy and level of utilisation of MTWDAs among nurses in Osun State.The study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed methods design. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the study setting. The settings of the study were Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Osun State University Teaching Hospital (UNIOSUNTH), Osogbo, State Hospital, Oke Ogbo, Ile-Ife and State Specialist Hospital, Asubiaro, Osogbo, Osun State. Ethical approvals were obtained from each of the health facilities, and informed consent obtained from each participant. Considering the small population of the nurses in selected units, all the nurses available in the units where wound care is regularly done participated in the study. A total of one hundred and eighty-four nurses were used for the quantitative phase of the study, while thirteen key informants that were purposively selected participated in the qualitative phase. Data were collected with the aid of a pretested structured questionnaire and a key informant interview schedule. Quantitative data were analysed using percentages, Pearson Chi-Square, and Multinomial logistic regression, while analysis of the qualitative data was done with content analysis. Hypotheses were tested with alpha value set at p < 0.05. The results showed that 53.8% of the nurses had a negative perception of MTWDAs, while 46.2% had a positive perception. The qualitative results yielded the various reasoning that informed both the negative perception of MTWDAs and the positive perception. A serendipitous finding of the study was the discovery of poor awareness/inadequate xviknowledge of MTWDAs, particularly among the State Hospital nurses. Results further revealed that 44.0% of the nurses reported high use of MTWDAs, 41.8% moderate use and 14.2% low use. There was however no significant relationship between the nurses’ perception of MTWDAs and their level of use of these agents (χ2 = 2.13; p = 0.34). Analysis of the narrative from informants revealed no clear cut pattern of use, and the level of use was basically relative to the context of use; mainly on infected wounds. Furthermore, results showed that 52.7% had high perceived efficacy of MTWDAs, 17.9% recorded moderate perceived efficacy, while 29.4% had low perceived efficacy.There was significant association between perceived efficacy and utilisation of modern topical wound dressing agents (χ2= 10.608; p = 0.031). Prominent among factors identified as influencing the utilisation of MTWDAs in this study werenurses’ knowledge of current trend in wound care (95.3%); nature of the wound (95.1%); and frequency of dressing change (87.0%). The study therefore concluded that despite the negative perception and inadequate knowledge of modern topical wound dressing agents, there was a high perceived efficacy and moderate use of the dressing agents among nurses in the study setting.
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    Sacroiliac joint dysfunction, external rotation of the hip and gait characteristics in patients with chronic non-specific low-back pain.
    (Department of Medical rehabilitation, Faculty of Basic medical sciences. Obafemi Awolowo University., 2022) KUNUJI, Fausat Nike
    This study evaluated the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunctions and external rotation of the hip (ERH) in patients with chronic non-specific low-back pain (CNLBP); examined gait characteristics of patients with SIJ dysfunctions; determined the relationship among SIJ, external hip rotation and gait characteristics of patients with CNLBP; and established a prediction model for gait characteristics in altered ERH and SIJ dysfunctions for patients with CNLBP. These were with a view to establishing the effects of SIJ dysfunctions and decreased external rotation of the hip joint on gait characteristics of patients with Chronic Non-specific Low-back Pain. Ethical approval was granted for this cross-sectional study which involved 154 patients presenting with CNLBP. Patients were recruited from the Physiotherapy Department, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile – Ife using purposive sampling technique. The ERH was evaluated using two assessment procedures: the goniometer and VK. Similarly, Gait characteristics (GtC) were assessed using the accelerometer (BTS – G walk). The PI was assessed using Verbal Rating Scale while SIJD was determined using the American Orthopaedic Association guidelines and physical diagnostic tests; hip compression, distraction, Gaeslen’s, thigh and sacral thrust tests. Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage, frequency count and standard deviation summarized data. Inferential statistics of independent t–test, Pearson’s Moment Correlation and Multiple regression analyses were used to analyze the data with alpha level, p < 0.05.The result showed that the mean ERH measured with goniometer (ERHGON) was 15.51 ± 3.030 while it was 15.35 ± 3.08 for ERH measured with Kinect (ERHVK), and PI experienced was 6.21 ± 1.10 on a 10-point pain scale. There was significant correlation between ERHGON and ERHVK, (r = 0.884, p = 0.000). The left stance and swing phases are 68.95 ± 5.04% and 31.06 ± 5.04% while the right stance and swing phases are 70.61 ± 5.58% and 29.31 ± 5.61. Furthermore, the mean speed and cadence were 0.74 ± 0.30m/s and 92.77 ± 12.32 steps/min respectively. The ERHGON had significant relationship with left single support phase (LTSS: r=0.265; p=0.001), left double support phase (LTDS: r=0.236; p=0.003), left step length (LTSTEPL: r=0.189; p=0.019), right single support phase (RTSS: r=0.274; p=0.001) and right step length (RTSTEPL: r=0.249; p=0.002). Similarly, the ERHVK had significant relationship with LTSS (r=0.310; p=0.001), LTDS (r=0.253; p=0.034), RTSS (r=0.285; p=0.001), right double support phase (r=0.171; p=0.001) and RTSTEPL (r=0.219; p=0.006). There were no significant relationships between PI and ERHGON; ERHVK and all selected gait parameters. Result of Multiple regression analyses showed that age, weight, LTSS, LTDS, LTSTEPL, RTSS and RTSTRL significantly contributed 33.7% for the prediction of ERHGON (f = 19.43, p = 0.001) while age, weight, LTSS, LTDS, RTSS, RTDS and RTSTL significantly contributed 39.8% for the prediction of ERHVK (f = 28.78, p = 0.001). The study concluded that patients with CNLBP demonstrated reduced external rotation of the hip (EHR) with altered Gait characteristics (GtC). The patients alsoexperienced moderate pain intensity while only few Gait characteristics were significant predictors of ERH of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunctions in patients with CNLBP.